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| TITER EES 
PRE-PRINT—NOT FOR PUBLICATION. PIVEREITY OF TULARE) 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PORT AUTHORITIES 
| Fifteenth Annual Convention 
Norfolk, Virginia 
October 18, 19, 20 and 21, 1926 


Report of the Committee on Technical 
re Port Language 


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PORT GLOSSARY OF 1925 


Containing Several Hundred Additional 
Suggested Definitions 


. Compiled by | 
‘Major R.S. MacKLWEEH, Ph. D. 


NOTICE—This paper is issued to Members of the American 
Association of Port Authorities for the information of dele- 
gates to the Fifteenth Annual Convention, and for no other 
purpose. It may not be published in whole or in part, nor 
used in any public manner. Delegates are expected to 


familiarize themselves with the contents so that they may 
participate in the discussion, as the paper will be read at 
the convention in synopsis only. After the Convention the 
paper will be published in full, with discussion, and, until 
that time, will not be available for public use. 


OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 
Room 200, New Orleans Court Building 


New Orleans 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TECHNICAL 
PORT LANGUAGE 


The Committee on Technical Port Language presented a glossary 
to the convention, which met on September 28th, 1925, at New York. 

In view of the fact that the glossary had not been previously 
submitted to the membership for consideration, it was decided not 
to adopt it, but the same committee was instructed to carry on the 
work during the coming year with a view of submitting the glossary 
to the membership probably a month in advance of the convention 
in order that such points as might be deemed worthy of consideration 
might be brought up by the membership and definite action taken 
at the time of the convention. 

It was the thought of the Association that during this year the 
membership would make suggestions which would be acted upon by 
the committee and then be submitted to the coming convention. 

A few of these suggestions have been received, and in addition, 
a considerable: enlargement of the glossary has been made, chiefly 
through the efforts of Dr. R. S. MacElwee, who has given considerable 
time and thought to it. 

As a result, there is being submitted to the membership, in ad- 
vance of the Norfolk convention, an enlarged glossary, it being ex- 
pected that suggestions will be ready at the time of the convention 
in order that the work may either be rejected or accepted. 

In passing, it should be stated that it is in nowise the thought 
of the committee that the glossary is complete or perfect, and that, 
irrespective of whether or not this glossary is adopted by the Asso- 
ciation, nevertheless a standing committee should be maintained for 
the purpose of. making amendments and additions to it from year 
to year as port practices, customs, and terms change. 

Respectfully submitted, 
B. C. ALLIN, Chairman, 
R. S. MacKLWEE 
Houston, Texas, FRANK G. WHITE. 
August 24, 1926. Committee on Technical Language. 


KEY TO SOURCE REFERENCES 


A. and J.—William E. Atwood and A. A. Johnson, ‘‘ Marine Structures, 
Their Deterioration and Preservation’’—National Research Coun- 
cil, Washington, D. C., 1924. 

B. C. A.—Major B. C. Allin, Director, Port of Houston, Chairman of 
the Committee on Technical Language. 

Br.—Charles B. Barnes. ‘‘The Longshoremen’’—Russell Sage Foun- 
dation. New York, 1915. 

Br. Cun.—Brysson Cunningham. ‘‘Dock Engineering, Harbour Engi- 
neering, Cargo Handling at Ports,’’ ‘‘Port Administration, ’’ 
London. 

Droege.—John A. Droege. ‘‘Freight Terminals and Trains,’? MeGraw- 
Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1912. 

F. G. W.—Frank G. White, Chief Engineer, Board of State’ Harbor 
Commissioners, San Francisco, California Member of the Com- 
mittee. 

R. S. M.—Roy S. MacElwee. ‘‘Ports and Terminal Facilities,’’ ‘‘ Wharf 
Management,’’ ‘‘Port Development,’’ ete. 

R. W.—Roy V. Wright, Editor-in-Chief, ‘‘Material Handling Cyelo- 
pedia.’’ Glossary by E. F. Church, Jr., Simmons-Boardman Pub- 
lishing Company, New York, 1921. 

Rug.—C. O. Ruggles, Ph. D., ‘‘Terminal Charges at United States 
Ports,’’ United States Shipping Board, 1919. - 

Shank.—Commander E. C. Shankland, R. N. R., ‘‘Modern Harbours, 
Conservancy and Operations,’’ James Brown and Sons, Glas- 
gow, 1926. 


Steph._James Stephenson, M. A., «The Principles and Practice of 


Commerce,’’ Pitman and Sons, London. 


—s 


jh pe oe 


222 288, 


SUPPLEMENTAL DEFINITIONS 


Compiled by 
Major R. 8S. MacELWEE, Ph. D. 
(Subject to typographic and other corrections) 
For original list of terms, see report of 1925. 


A 


ADVANCE—The distance a vessel continues to travel on a course 
before responding to the change of helm. (R. 8S. M.) 

The distance the center of gravity of the ship has advanced in 
a direction parallel to her original course, measured from the 
point where the helm was put cver. (Shank.) 

AERIAL CABLE WAY—An aerial conveyor installation consisting of 
a single or double track cable stretched between two towers, a car- 
riage travelling on the track cable with hoisting ropes and drum, 
usually operated from one of the towers. If used for lifting 
and transporting material, it is called a hoisting transporting 
cableway. Towers may be fixed, rocking or traveling. One 
tower may travel in an are with the other tower fixed, called a 
radial cableway. (R. W.) 

AGGREGATE—See concrete. 

AGIO—The difference between the real and nominal value of money. 
When paper currency is depreciated, the agio represents the premium 
at which gold stands as compared with the paper. (J. Steph.) 

ANCHOR—An instrument attached to the ship by a chain or eable 
which will, when cast overboard lay hold of the earth by a 
fluke or hook and hold the vessel in place. (B. C. A.) 

ANCHOR (To drag A)—When the purchase of the anchor on the 
bottom (holding ground) is less than the foree of wind and 
tide against the ship, the anchor is dragged over the bottom 
by the ship. (R. S. M.) 

ANCHORS, STEARN—To avoid the turning, by the tide, in narrow 
waterways the larger types of liners are being equipped with 
stern anchors and cable. Special signals that a ship is so anchored 
have been authorized for the Port of London. (Shank.) 

ANCHOR, (to slip the Anchor)—To cut off the anchor chain or cable 
at the ship end and leave the gear, anchor and chain, .on the 
bottom. This is done (1) when weather conditions will not 
permit weighing anchor in the usual manner or (2) when neces- 
sary to get under way immediately as when fired upon or to 
seek seaway when caught by a storm in an exposed roadstead. 
(R. S. M.) 

ANCHOR, (to weigh A)—To hoist the anchor aboard preparatory to 
getting under way. (R.S8. M.) 

ANCHORAGE, DUES—Fee paid the harbor master for the privilege 
of anchoring in specified anchorage grounds of a harbor. (R.S. M.) 

ANCHORAGES—For compass adjustment facilities provided in har- 
bors for the swinging of ships to verify or adjust magnetic 
compasses. In localities where a sufficient period of slack tide 
exists the swinging may be effected with the assistance of a 
tug when the ship is moored head only to the buoy. (Shank.) 

ARBITRAGE—Dealing in the momentary difference of price of ex- 
change or commodities in different parts of the world i. e. 
different markets. (R. S. M.) 


LN 


4 52514 


ARBITRAGE—The operation of buying securities or produce in one 
market and telegraphing orders to agents to sell them in another 
market, whereby a profit is made on a difference in price due 
to the constant fluctuations in prices on the various Stock and 
Produce Exchanges of the world. (J. Steph.) 


AVERAGE BOND—The document signed by contractors to a general 
average adjustment, under which they receive delivery of cargo 
on undertaking to pay their share of the general average con- 
tribution as soon as the amount is ascertained... (J. Steph.) 


B 


BAFFLE PLATE—A plate suspended in front of the discharge pipe of a 
steam jet or material jet produced by air pressure or suction or 
gravity, or fixed on the wail of the point opposite for receiving 
the impact of mateial. (R. W.) 

Vessels moored to a wharf or in close quarters lower a baffle 
plate over water pipe discharges to prevent sullying wharf or 
nearby ship. (R. 8S. M.) 

BANKTA—Marine borer of the Molusca (clam shell) family. See 

Leredo.) GR. 8. Ms) 


BARGE—A floating craft of full body and heavy construction designed 
for the carrying of cargo but without means of self-propulsion. 
(R. W.) 


BATCH CAR—A ear used in glass plants or anes places for receiv- 
ing, proportioning or mixing and transporting a bateh to a 
furnace. (R. W.) 


BATCH BOX—Box used for the holding of materials for making a 
batch of concrete or for holding and conveying a batch of con- 
erete after mixing. It is usually made of steel or supported with 
Steel. Some are made with trunnions on a ear, discharged by 
turning over and dumping. (R. W.) 


BEACHING—Running a leaking vessel ashore to prevent sinking in 
the offing or the fair way. It is advantageous to include in the 
sailing directions of a port references to sloping foreshores free 
from rocky ledges which will enable a vessel hoied in a collision 
to beach under her own power or with the aid of tugs. (R.S. M.) 


BEAM—(Nautical)—(1) Ship. The greatest width of a vessel. 


(2) (in construction) A horizontal member in a structure, supported 


at each end, designed to carry a load. 
(3) The straight part or shank of an anchor. 
(4) A ray or collection of parallel rays of light emitted from a 
luminous body, © (Biel as) 
BEARING—The compass reading in points or degrees of the location 
of the vessel with respect to some other object. (R. S. M.) 
BEARING, ANGULAR BALL BEARING—Ball bearing which will 
carry a load of axial and radial loads on a shaft. Two such 
bearings are required to carry a shaft on definite loads for any 
direction. (R. W.) 

BEARING, BALL THRUST BEARING—A ball bearing arranged to 
carry an axial load on a shaft. (R. W.) 


BEARING, RADIAL BALL BEARING—A ball bearing ae support- 
W.) 


ing a shaft which is subject to transverse loads. (R. 

BELAY—-To wind or make turns with a running rope around a pin 
(called a belaying pin) or cleat in order to hold secure or make 
fast, or to stop by so doing. Often used in the imperative as, 
“belay that’’? meaning, stop that, quit, that’s enough. 


neg | St 


BELAYING PIN—A strong iron rod near the foot of the mast, or 
elsewhere, securely fastened around which a rope may be turned 
to make it fast. (Webster.) 

BENCH MARK—The permanent indication of the harbor datum plane 
from which water levels are calculated, as....+ or —... datum 
plane. (R. 8S. M.) 

BENDING MOMENT—The total bending tendency to which a beam 
is subject, expressed generally in inch-pounds A bending moment 
of a transverse section of a beam is equal to the algebraic 
sum of the products of each of the forces acting to produce bend- 
ing multiplied by the perpendicular distance of the line of action 
of the force from the section. (R. W.) 

BENDS, THE—Distress caused by breathing of Co2 and air bubbles 
in the blood from working in caissons or diving suit under heavy 
atmospheric pressure. To avoid the bends caisson workers are 
locked through an air chamber where the air pressure is reduced 
gradually or iby bringing the diver to the surface slowly—See 
‘*Blowing up’’ (R.S. M.) 

BERTH—On the /B. 

A chartered vessel offering to receive cargo as a common earrier. 
(R. S.. M.) 

BERTHING DUES—Or Quay Dues is Dockage. The charge against 
the vessel for the permission to moor to a wharf, quay or pier 
and occupy a berth in the dock at the quay. (R. S. M.) 

BILL OF LADING—(Ocean or Port B/L.)—Issued by a _ steamship 
company as a contract for carriage by sea and a receipt for 
merchandise. The Bill is endorsed in blank and a full set or all 
the signed copies, (3 or 4 copies the number being specified on 
the bill) becomes a negotiable instrument as giving title of the 
holder to merchandise. (R. 8S. M.) 

BILL OF LADING—(Through B/L.)—Is an order Bill of Lading and 
ocean Bill of Lading combined. A contract of carriage by rail 
and ocean carrier and subject to similar negotiable features, as 
a port or ocean B/L. (R.S. M.) 

BIN—An enclosure for the storage for material’in bulk. (R. W.) 

BITE—The friction of the fall on the drum of the winch, which gives 
eontrol of the fall. (Br.) 

BITT—Cuast iron cleat or part on a wharf for making fast mooring 
lines. (R. S. M.) 

BLOCK—<A metal or wooden frame or shell containing one or more 
pulleys or sheaves, generally set side by side and turning freely 
on the same axis, used with a rope as a means of hoisting heavy 
weights. (R. W.) 

BLOCK CARRIAGE—The type of trolley used for light loads having 
two sheaves in line in the direction of motion of the trolley. (R. W.) 

BLOCK, CHOCK-A-BLOCK—The name given to the condition of a 
tackle when the two blocks have been driven together and no 
more hoisting can be done with them. (R. W.) 

BLOCK, GIN—A single block having a sheave of large diameter used 
where a hoisting operation has to be repeated many times, as 
in loading or unloading cargo. - (R. W.) 

BLOCK, SNATCH—A single block generally used as a guide block and 
having one side of the frame arranged with a hinge and lock 
so that it may be opened to allow the bite of a rope to be placed 
on the sheaves without the necessity of receiving the rope end 
through the block. (R. W.) 


BLOCK, STRAP—Blocks having as a shell or casing, two arm straps 
connected by distance pieces and bolts with holes for the sheave 
ping (Chewy 


BLOCK (Coefficient)—The relationship of the cubical contents of the 
hull of a vessel to the content of a parallel pipedon having the 
maximum dimensions of length, depth and beam of the hull. The 
relationship is expressed as a decimal. The block coefficient of 
a cargo vessel is about 0.8, of a destroyer .4, of a fast passenger 
liner .55 or .6 etc. (R. 8S. M.) 

BLOCKS (Keel B—)The wooden blocks upon which a vessel settles 
when the water is withdrawn from a dry dock. (R. S. M.) 
BLOWING UP—Term applied when a deep sea diver working under 
heavy pressure comes to the surface too quickly. The bends can 
be avoided by sending him down again at once, when possible, 
or placing him in a recompression chamber. (Shank-R. 8. M.) 

BOARDING INSPECTORS—Collector for the district in which any 
vessel arrives from a foreign port may put on board such a 
vessel while within such district or going from one district to 
another, one inspector or other customs official. (U. 8. S. B.) 

BOATMAN CHARGE (Running Lines)—A charge against the ship for 
the services of making fast the mooring ropes. Usually $5 to 
$10. <A light rope is thrown to the boatman who row to the 
pier or quay and haul the rope with mooring line attached onto 
the pier and place it over a bollard. (R. S. M.) 

BOAT SERVICE HIRE (Fee)—A charge for bringing persons ashore 
or off to the ship. The master must come ashore to report to 
various officials and if his ship is in stream he can lower his 
own boat or, aS is more usual, hire a speed boat, usually present 
in numbers in any important port. (R. 8S. M.) 

BOLLARD (Twin Type)—Cast in pairs. 

Vertical Type, with both members upright. 

-—— Racked Type, for towing and mooring, with each bollard 
inclined away from a perpendicular centre line. (R. 8S. M.) 

BONDED STORES—See Warehouse. 

BOOM—A long pole or spar used to extend, the sail of a ship at its 
base. (Br.) 

BOOM—Principal moving part of a kind of crane. It is a long 
span or strut of wood or steel, riveted or hinged at one end at 
a point fixed at one height on the frame, mast or vertical post 
and with its other end supported by ropes. The load is carried 
by ropes passing over sheaves at the boom point. (R. W.) 

BOOM, LATTICED—A boom made of rolled structural shapes laced 
together with diagonal steel straps. (R. W.) 

BOOM, LUFFING—A boom which can have its inclination changed, 
the outer end or point being raised or lowered. (R. W.) 

BOOM SEAT—A metal fitting or socket at the foot of the derrick 
mast which receives the seat of the boom and permits the boom 
to be changed. (R. W.) 

BOOT FOR SHOE—End for end; to reverse. When one end of a 
fall is worn the other is put in its place—boot for shoed—to 
take the hard wear. (Br.) 

BORROW PIT—The bank from which gravel, sand, etc., is hauled to 
make a fill, (R. 8S. M.) . 

BOTTOMRY BOND—The undertaking given by the captain of a ship 
which requires immediate repairs, and the necessary money for 
which is the consideration for the Bond. The payment under 
the Bond is enforceable only if the ship reaches port safely 
and when the consideration has consequently been of benefit. 
(J. Steph.) 

BRACE—A structural member placed diagonally between or near the 
junction of two other members to stiffen their connection. (R. W.) 


BREAK OUT—To lift cargo from its place. (Br.) 
eg ae 


BREAKER OUT—A man who first lifts out the pieces of cargo or 
bunches (of bananas) from stowed position in the hold. (Br.) 

BREASTING OFF—Mooring a vessel some distance from the wharf 
or quay, 15’ to 20’ by means of hauling the vessel against long, 
heavy timbers or braces (breasting off spars) to permit lighters, 
bunkering equipment, floating cranes, etc., to work between the 
ship and the quay. (R. 8S. M.) 

BREASTING OFF SPAR—A spar used in breasting off. (Br.) 

BRICK TEA—The name given to tea which is compressed into blocks 
or slabs. There is a large trade in this tea between China and 
Russia, but the article does not enter British Commerce. (J. Steph.) 

BRIDGE, DRAW—General term for all bridges that can be moved 
to open a channel and permit the passage of vessels. (R. S. M.) 

BRIDGE, DRAW, SWING—AIl movable types, revolving, horozontally. 

(1) Single draw with pivot at the bulkhead, close to the edge 
of the coping. The axes of rotation being half the width of 
the bridge from the coping to bring the open bridge entirely 
within the bulkhead line. 
(2) Double draw with two spans of equal length with the pivot 
supported on a structure in the middle of the channel, splitting 
the channel into two parts each spanned by half the bridge, 
when closed. (R. S. M.) 

BRIDGE, FLOATING OR PONTOON—The bridge is waterborne, con- 
tinuously or wholly and when being moved or opened, carried 
on pontoons. Usual use in military operations. Examples of 
permanent use are Cologne, and Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Hol- 
tennau. (R. 8. M.) 

BRIDGE, TRAVERSING—Supported by the quay or bulkhead at or 
about the coping level and slid forward or withdrawn in a straight 
line. (Br. Cun.) 

BROWNIES—Men who sweep off the piers. (Br.) 

BUCKET—A container for temporarily holding quantities of material 
in bulk while being conveyed from one point to another (R. W.) 

BUCKET, CENTER-DUMP—A bottom dumping bucket which has two 
doors meeting along the middle of the bottom, which when re- 
leased, move outward and downward. (R. W.) 

BUCKET BACK PLATE—Steel plate forming the back of a shell of 
a clam-shell grab bucket. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, BOTTOM-DUMP—A bucket which is emptied by opening 
the bottom and allowing the load to drop out. (R. W.) 

BUCKET BOTTOM PLATE—A steel plate forming the bottom of a 
shell of a clam-shell grab bucket. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, CLAM-SHELL—A grab bucket in which the bowl is formed 
by two parts like the shell of a clam. It is distinguished from 
the orange-peel in which three or four segments come together 
at a point to make a truly spherical bowl. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, CLEAN-UP—A grab bucket usually the clam-shell type 
which is especially designed to recover all the material from 
the space in which it is working. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, CONTROLLABLE-DISCHARGE—Bucket which can be dis- 
charged gradually under the full control of the operator. Two-rope 
grab buckets have a controllable discharge also two-line bottom 
dumping buckets. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, CORNER BAR—In clam-shell grab buckets one of the links 
which are pivoted at the lower end to points near the rear 
corners of the shells and at the top to the top bucket head. 
These links guide the rear portions of the bucket shells during 
closing and opening. (R. W.) 


SD at,, eae 


BUCKET CUTTING EDGES—tThe edges of the shells or spades of a 
grab-bucket which do the cutting into or scraping of the 
material. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, FOUR-ROPE—A grab bucket which is carried by two hold- 
ing-lines and two hoisting-and-closing lines. In one arrangement 
the holding lines are dead-ended on an equalizer bar at the head 
of the bucket and the closing lines are similarly fastened on the 
closing arms. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, HAND DUMPING—Bucket which is turned over entirely 
by hand or which has its dumping latch released by hand. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, ORANGE-PEEL—A grab bucket of which the bowl is nearly 
spherical in shape and is formed of three or four segments which 
come together in a point at the bottom. These segments are 
termed blades, spades or bowls. (R. W.) 

BUCKET, POWER-ARM—Clam-shell bucket in which the closing 
powers are obtained by rope tackle which is rigidly attached to 
one shell of the bowl, the other shell being forced to move simul- 
taneously by means of the connecting linkage. (R. W.) 

BUOYS, CAN—Showing a flat top above the water—-on the port side 
in British Harbours. (Shank.) 

BUOYS, CONICAIL—Showing a pointed top of a cone above water. 
In British ports they are the Starboard or Right Hand buoys, 
upon entering. (Shank.) 

BUOY, DUES—Port Charges assessed against the ship for the purpose 
of maintaining the channel buoys (not U.S. practice in public har- 
bors nor channels) as these are maintained by the Federal Gov- 
ernment from the national treasury.) (R. S. M.) 

BUOY, HIRE—Fee paid by the ship for the use of a mooring buoy— 
(Similar to dockage in this sense.) (R. 8S. M.) 

BOUYS, PILLAR—Having a tall central structure on a broad base, 
like bell, gas, automatic sounding, ete., they are placed to mark 
special positions. (Shank.) 

BUOY, SEA—The buoy marking the entrance to a channel from the 
open ‘sear (B.C, AL) 

In U. 8. waters conical buoys bearing seriel numbers in white 
figures, ‘‘red-right return’’ i. e. entering port, black to port. 
(left) red to starboard (right). 

In British waters no uniform system but conical buoy right, can 
(cylindrical) buoy left is general. The International Hy- 
drographic Office at Monaco is endeavoring to bring about 
common international usage in buoying harbors. (R. 8. M.) 

BUOYAGE—(1) The offered facility of buoy moorings 
(2) The fee paid for the use of such moorings. 

BUOYS, SPAR—Long thin masts showing above the water are 
anchored to indicate the direction and force of the current. 
(Shank R. S. M.) 


BUOYS, SPHERICAL—Showing a domed top above the water. In 
British harbours they mark the ends of middle ground. (Shank.) 


C 


CABLE—A general term applied to a rope or a chain and used more 
or less interchangeable with rope. (R. W.) 

CABLE, TRAMWAY-—Is an aerial cable way without hoisting mechan- 
ism. Aerial cableways may be used for dredging, grab buckets, 
gravity transporting, hoisting and transporting. (R. W.) 

CAMBIST—A term applied to one who exchanges foreign money or 
deals in foreign notes or Bills of Exchange. (J. Steph: ) 


liad “es 


CAMEL—A lifting pontoon used in salvage. The origin of the float- 
ing dry dock was the use of an old hull of a vessel called ‘‘The 
Camel’’ the stern being cut off the disabled vessel was floated onto 
it, and when ‘‘the camel’’ was closed and pumped out the vessel was 
floated. Floating dry docks and lifting pontoons in England have 
been called camels, for more than a century. (R. S. M.) 

CAPSTAN—‘‘An upright drum or cylinder revolving upon a spindle, 
and worked by bars or levers.’’ (Br.) 

Capstans in modern practice are more frequently operated by 
steam or electricity. (R. S. M.) 

A stationary vertical shaft concave drum machine for winding 

rope or chain and used for hoisting or hauling purposes. (R. W.) 

CAPSTAN, WINDLASS—A combination of a capstan and a windless 
used on ship board. (R. W.) 

CAR—A vehicle used on tracks such as railroads, guide rails in eie- 
vators, ete. (R. S. M.) 

CARGO, DOOR—(Or cargo opening) a door fitted to the side or upper 
bulkhead of a vessel for the purpose of providing a_ passaye 
through which cargo may be trucked. (R. W.) 

CARGO, PORT—An opening on the side of a vessel for loading and 
unloading cargo. (R. W.) 

CARROUSEL.—A form of open conveyor which travels entirely on a 
horizontal plane making turns at the end about a vertical axis 
and usually returning parallel to itself. (R. W.) 


CASE HOOK—Truckman’s hook, also called loader’s hook. (Br.) 


CAUTCHOUC—An important elastic gum, commonly known as _ india- 
rubber. It is the sap which is obtained by the tapping of a 
species of tree grown in the tropics. After the drying process, 
the sap or juice thickens, and when carefully prapared is white 
in colour, but it is usually brown or brownish-black. It is lighter 
than water. The principal supplies come from Brazil, and the 
Straits Settlement and Dutch East Indies. (J. Steph.) 

CAVITATION—In pumping water, the term is applied to separating 
or ‘‘running away’’ of the impeller blades from the flowing 
water, and is caused by the pressure at the zone of cavitation 
being so low that the equivalent pressure on the water exerted 
by the atmosphere does not produce the requisite velocity of the 
water to permit it to follow the propeller blades. (Shank.) 

CEILING—The tight wooden planking that lines a ships hold. 

The close fitting interior wooden lining of a summer cottage. 
The maximum flying height of any aircraft—the height to which 
it can rise above the ground. (R. 8. M.) 

CESSES—Horizontal stiffening members of a dock gate leaf. 
(hes. Moa Br. Cun, ) 

CHANNELS, CONFINED—A channel cross section area about 200 
times that of the vessel is required at all normal speeds, if the 
resistance is not to be affected by the boundarses. (Shank.) 


CHARTER—To hire or ‘‘rent’’ a vessel. (R.S. M.) 
Charter Party, a contract by which a vessel is turned over to 
the use of another. There are many forms such as: Baltic Time 
form, produce exchange form, Welsh coal form, U. 8S. 8. B. forms, 
ete. (R. 8S. M.) 
Bare Boat Form, is akin to the lease, for a given period, of an 
unfrunished house, the tenant paying all expenses and defraying 
the cost of insurance and repairs. (Annin.) 
The charter pays all voyage and cargo expenses, marine and 
war risks, engages officers and crew and pays and subsists them. 
(Annin.) 


Sor. 


Baltic Time Form—The Baltic and White Sea Conference 
uniform time charter 1912. This is the standard time charter form. 
Bases—ship’s deadweight ton capacity, per month. (Annin.) 
The Time Charter—‘‘The charterer hires the ship, manned, 
provisioned, and supplied with deck and engine room stores (but 
not fuel) for a given period of time, at a stated compensation 
per unit of time, for a stated period of time.’’ Similar to renting 
a furnished house. (Annin.) 

The Net Form Charter—A modified time charter ‘‘the operating 
expenses go to the owner, the voyage and cargo expenses to the 
charter. (Annin). 

The Gross Form Charter—‘‘Similar to an American. Plan Hotel 
Here the owner pays all regular expenses incident to the voyage 
from the time the ship is berthed until the cargo is discharged, 
operating expenses, subsistence, stores, deck and engine supplies, 
fuel, port charges, towage, pilotage, wharfage, stevedoring and all 
other regular voyage expenses—overtime, heavy lifts, ete., are 
extras, and are paid by the charterer. (Annin.) 

CHARTER PARTY—Is the written agreement or lease between owner 
and leaser or rentor of a vessel. (R. S. M.) 

CHEEK BLOCK—One of the pair of heavy weights shaped so as to 
fit on the cheeks of the fall block of hoisting tackle making it 
heavy enough to cause the tackle to overhaul without load. (R. W.) 

CHELURA INSULAE CALMAN, (A ecrustacea borer) from Christmas 
Island 1910. Differs from Chelura Terebrans by longer antennae 
and larger anterior claws, short spine. Damage secondary to that 
of limnoria. (A. & J.) 

CHELURA TEREBRANS PHILIPPI, slightly larger than the Limnoria 
and heavily feathered with long hairs. It works with the Lim- 
noria making slightly larger galleries. (A. & J.) 

CHOCK—To brace; e. g., to chock the cargo in with dunnage. (Br.) 

CLEARANCE FEES—Charges. 

CLUB HAULING—A steamer at anchor—a method of ensuring a swing 
in the desired direction at tide turn. A heavy wire is led from 
the quarter which will apply the purchase in the required direc- 
tion and the strain gradually increased as the tide eases in 
velocity, the chain cable being veered slightly at the same time. 
The bight of cable is thus brought abaft the bows to produce a 
a pivoting action, the wire is then walked back to allow the 
chain cable take its natural trend. (Shank.) 

COFFERDAM—A temporary contrivance for the exclusion of water 
form a site during construction work. A cofferdam consists 
essentially of two timber faces enclosing a facing: Name fre- 
quently apphed to Skin dams or Cofferdam and Sheeting dams 
used for the same construction purposes but consist of a single 
row of sheeting piles, or whole or half timber, retained by tiers 
of horizontal wallings (Br. Cun.) 

COLLECTOR—Of the Port is the Collector of Customs; includes a 
deputy collector of customs and any person authorized by law 
or by regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury to perform 
the duties of collector of customs.: (U. S. 8S. B.) 


COLTANCIN’S SYSTEM—Of reinforced concrete slabs differs from 
the disconnected bars of the Monier and Hennebique Systems 
are replaced by a jointless wire net work. The claim is greater 
strength with less metal. (Br. Cun. R.S. M.) 

COLUMN—A vertical structural member designed for the resisting 
of vertical or axial compressing load. (R. W.) 


COMPASS ADJUSTMENT—See Anchorage for Compass Arjustment. 
Bae py aie 


CONCRETE—An admixture of various mineral substances which be- 
come incorporated into a solid body under chemical action. It 
consists of two parts—aggregate and matrix. 

The aggregate is a mass of one or more of the following: slag, 
shingle, burnt clay, broken stone or brick, gravel, sand. 

The matrix consists of cement (or hydrolic lime) combined with 
water (Br. Cun.) 

CONSERVANCY—tThe construction and maintenance of harbor chan- 
nels. (R. 8S. M,) 

CONSULAR BILLS OF HEALTH—Any vessel (a) at any foreign port 
clearing or departing for any port or place in the United States 
or its possessions or other dependencies, must present a bill of 
health from that port. Such a bill shall set forth (a) the sanitary 
history and condition of said vessel, and (b) that it has in all 
respects complied with the rules and regulations in such cases 
prescribed for securing the best sanitary condition of the said 
vessel, its cargo, passengers, and crew. (U. S. S. B.) 

CONSULAR FEES—Charges for stamps affixed to visas or for cer- 
tifications of documents as required by law in the countries in- 
volved in a voyage. 

Fee for the certification of the ships manifest by the consul of 
the country of destination. (R. S. M.) 

CONTANGO—The consideration paid by a ‘‘Bull’’ operator on the 
Stock Exchange when he ‘‘earries over’’, and consequently post- 
pones payment of his purchases. It is interest on the money re- 
quired to keep control of the stock which is the subject of the 
‘“‘Bull’’ speculation. (J. Steph.) 

CONVERGENCY—(In wireless direction finding a ship’s position) 
allowances for the varying meridional expansion or contraction as 
the bearing line crosses toward the equator or pole is termed 
convergency. The earth being an oblate spheroid any part theroef 
is relatively rotund the meridians converging to a radiating point 
at each pole. (Shank.) 

CONVEYOR BELT—Conveyor consisting of wide belt or rope passing 
around a high pulley at one end and a tail pulley at the other, 
(both pulleys having horizontal shafts), supported by numerous 
other pulleys between them placed under both runs and carrying 
bulk or package material on the upper run. (R. W.) 

CONVEYOR BELT TRIPPER—The device for causing the load on a 
conveyor belt carrying bulk material to be discharged at some 
other point than over the head pulley. It consists of a rigid 
frame spanning the belt and carrying two large pulleys on hor- 
izontal shafts so placed that the belt makes an S-shape turn in 
passing them. (R. W.) 

CONVEYOR, CROSS-LINE—Conveyor line which is at right angles 
to the conveyor or prevailing system. (R. W.) 


CORE—The spoil from a test boring from which the nature of the 
underlying ground may be ascertained by inspection. (R. S. M.) 
(Foundry) the baked sand in the mold that makes the casting 
hollow—such as in the case of a radiator section. The heat of 
the metal causes the core sand to disintegrate and it can be 
shaken out. (R. S. M.) ¢ 


CORNER—Longshoremen call the far side of the street opposite the 
pier, where they hang around to await the hiring, the ‘‘corner.’’ 
(Br.) 

COUNTERVAILING DUTY—A customs tax imposed on imports so as 
to place them on an equality with the home products that are 
liable to excise tax. (J. Steph.) 


aby |) 


COUNTERWEIGHT—A heavy weight so placed and connected in a 
machine as to counterbalance a load or moving part. (R. W.) 

CRAB—A term rather indiscriminately applied to several types of 
small hand-winches, to some winches operated by power, and also 
occasionally (British) to crane trolley. (See Winch and Trolley, 
which are preferable terms.) (R. W.) 

Catching on oar (sweep) in the water when feathering on the 
back stroke is called catching a crab. 

CRADLE—(Marine Railway or Shipway) the moving platform with 
keel blocks, moving on inclined tracks on which a ship is hauled 
out of the water. (R. S. M.) 

CRANE—A machine for moving heavy objects by raising them, mov- 
ing them horizontally, and lowering them in the new location. 
Two mechanisms are essential: the hoist for the vertical motion; 
and the mechanism of translation for the horizontal motion. (R. W.) 

CRANE, BOAT—A type of rotary pillar for handling heavy lifeboats, 
launches, ete., on shipboard, principally on warships. One curved 
piece, usually of box-girder construction, which replaces both | 
pillar and boom, is pivoted at the base, and carries the lifting 
tackle at its upper end. For heavy loads, the slewing is done 
by power: for smaller loads, it is done by hand, and in this 
case the frame is made of a single curved piece of steel, called 
avidavit, § (Rh. /W3 : 

CRANE, BRACED JIB—A jib crane built up of structural steel shapes, 
diagonal braces and ties, gussets, clips, etc., riveted together as 
distinguished from one which is built like a curved plate girder, 
or is formed of a single curved piece like a ship’s davit. Two 
general types of bracing are top or tie rod bracing; and bottom 
or under bracing. The simplest top braced or tie rod constuc- 
tion exists where the mast and jib are two straight structural 
shapes connected at right angles, and a diagonal tie attached at 
or near the outer end of the jib connects it to the top of the 
mast. Several such diagonal ties may support as many points 
of the jib. (R. W.) 

CRANE, BRIDGE—A crane having a bridge along which a trolley may 
travel carrying a hoist and a load. The bridge may or may not 
be capable of travel. In this sense the term is used merely to 
distinguish a gantry or overhead traveling crane from a swing, 
jib or wall crane, or derrick. Sometimes called a girder crane. 
(See also Gantry, Cantilever Bridge.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, BRIDGE STORAGE—A ‘term sometimes applied to a gantry 
erane (with or without cantilever ends) especially arranged for 
the unloading of material in bulk, such as ore, coal, sand, gravel, 
ete., from. cars or vessels, and placing it in open storage piles; 
also for reclaiming such material from the piles and loading it 
on ears or vessels. (See also Gantry, Cantilever Bridge.) The 
material is usually handled by a grab bucket. The hoisting 
winch is fixed in one of the towers, and the trolley is. moved 
and the bucket hoisted by wire ropes. Or it may be of the 
man-trolley type, where the operator rides in a cab travelling 
with the hoist, all electrically driven. (R. W.) 

CRANE, BUCKET—A term often applies to any type of crane which 
is capable of handling a grab bucket and is equipped with one. 
Any crane, provided it is sufficiently powerful, can handle a 
single line grab bucket, though the addition of a bucket may be 
necessary. A two-line bucket requires two hoisting drums which 
are partially or completely independent. 

For continuous and rapid action, durable machinery of proper 


ne oP etn 


strength and high speed must be supplied, but ahy type of crane 
may be adapted to the work. Overhead and gantry travelling 
cranes, derrick and locomotive cranes are, perhaps used most 
frequently. (See Trolley, Bucket.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, CARGO—A crane especially adapted to the transferring of 
eargo between a vessel’s hold and a wharf or lighter. If located 
on a pier or wharf, it is generally termed a wharf crane; if 
located on the vessel, it is often a derrick, and is one of the 
principal parts of the cargo handling gear. (See Cargo Handling 
Gear; Derrick, Ship.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, CHARGING—<An overhead travelling crane especially de- 
veloped for steel works use in charging open hearth furnaces. 
A rigid structure hanging below the bridge has a horizontal arm 
which is capable of being lowered until the end is connected 
with the charging box, of raising it, passing it endways through 
the charging door, and rotating it about a horizontal axis, dump- 
ing the load of scrap. The motions are then reversed. (R. W.) 


CRANE, COUNTERWEIGHT CARGO—A type of cantilever gantry 
erane used for cargo handling, in which, by a special reeving of 
the hoisting rope, the weight of the hook, fall rope, down-haul ball, 
block, skip, or slings, together with half the average load, are 
balanced by a counterweight. The load hook must then be 
lowered by power against the pull of the counterweight, but 
the size of the motor or engine and machinery to operate the 
hoist may be greatly reduced, as less power is required. (R. W.) 


CRANE END TRUCK—One of the two end frames or earriage of an 
overhead travelling crane structure having wheels rolling on the 
rails of the runway, and supporting the ends of the bridge 
girders. In small cranes the trucks may be of east or forged 
steel; in larger sizes they are of structural steel, cast steel or 
combinations of the two. They are rigidly secured at right 
angles to the crane girders, and are braced with horizontal gusset 
plates to prevent the structure getting out of square. Fitted 
bolts and reamed holes are generally used for these fastnings, 
as they must be made in the field, and the utmost rigidity is 
necessary. To prevent any appreciable drop in case a wheel 
breaks during use, a portion of the end frame in the form of a 
lug projects downward close to the rail; in some cases the bridge 
girders themselves extend across the rail and only slightly above 
it. These provisions also allow the end frame to be easily raised 
by wedges in order to remove the track wheels. (R. W.) 

CRANE, FITTING-OUT—Any crane arranged and located especially 
for shipyard use in placing engines, boilers, guns, masts, stacks, 
armor, etc., in a ship after it is in the water. It is generally 
located on a wharf close to the water, or is a floating crane. 
The various types are all characterized by extremely large lift- 
ing capacity, a large clearance under the part extending over 
the ship, and a sufficient reach to cover the width of the ship, 
and sometimes more, in order to pick up material from a barge 
brought to the far side of the ship from the crane, (See Crane, 
Folding Jib Gantry; Crane Floating Gantry; Crane, Horizontal 
Rotating Cantilever.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, FIXED—A crane whose principal structure is mounted on 
permanent or semi-permanent foundations. The area served is 
strictly limited by the dimensions of the moving parts of the 
crane, and neither the whole crane structure nor any considerable 
portion of it has any motion of translation during the operation 
of the machine as a crane. (R. W.) 


Jos) ee 


CRANE, FLOATING—A crane mounted on a barge or pontoon which 
can be towed or self-propelled from place to place, and used for 
lifting and moving heavy weights at docks, ship fitting berths, 
etc., and for heavy marine work generally, including salvage 
operations. These cranes are generally of large size and capacity, 
and are built in various styles. Some are jib cranes, with a 
rotating jib of fixed radius, or with a variable radius, obtained 
by means of a trolley. Others have rotating booms of variable 
inclination. Gantries and shear legs are also used aflot, and for 
small work; stiff-leg and ‘‘a’’ frame derricks mounted on barges 
are common and are termed derrick boats or floating derricks. 
R. W. 

GEANE: TSonDEe name sometimes given to a rotary underbraced 
jib crane, with a trolley running on the top of the jib, and operated 
by hand or power. It has been extensively used in foundry prac- 
tice, in capacities of one to ten tons. (See also Crane, Rotary 
Jib.) CRS IwW 2) 

CRANE, GANTRY, WITH INCLINED CANTILEVER—A crane used 
in handling excavated material and consisting of a gantry base 
central tower on which a long truss is supported at its center 
in a slanting position. A rope trolley handling a grab or bottom 
dumping bucket operates on the bridge, the motive power being 
located in the central tower, and the whole structure moves on 
a track under the tower. The lower end of the cantilever ex- 
tends over an excavation like a canal, and the upper end over 
the spoil bank; the excavated material is carried from the 
excavation to the spoil bank by the bucket. (R. W.) 

CRANE, GIRDER FRAME JIB—A type of rotary jib crane in which 
the mast and jib curve into each other and are substantially 
all one piece, being built up in a plate girder of box section 
composed of plates and angles as distinguished from Lattice 
Frame and Braced Jib Cranes. (Also called Fairbairn Jib 
Crane.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, GUYED JIB—A jib crane in which the top of the mast 
is held in place by diagonal stays leading to anchorage in the 
ground at some distance from the base of the mast. (R. W.) 

CRANE, HAND—A crane which is operated by human power. The 
usual method of applying it for hoisting is by means of a ro- 
tating crank. For travelling or swinging, the load may be 
directly pushed or pulled by hand, or by  hand-operated 
eranks with appropriate rope or chain connections. (R. W.) 


CRANE, HAMMERHEAD—Tower erane with cantilever horizontal arms 
of uneven length, the shorter or balancing arm having a counter 
weight something like the head of a hammer. The long arm 
carries the travelling hoisting mechanism. (R. S. M.) 


CRANE, HYDRAULIC—A cerane which is operated by hydraulic 
power. While smooth in action and almost unlimited in capacity, 
the system is so inferior to electricity in most other respects 
that hydraulic cranes are practically obsolete. (R.W.) 


CRANE, INCLINED CANTILEVER JIB—A sstraight line type of 
travelling crane, developed particularly for transferring freight 
between the hold of a vessel and the inside of a wharf shed. 
The travelling structure, which is of the full or semi-portal type 
of gantry, or of the bridge type, travelling on the roof of the 
shed, carries on the end toward the water a double cantilever 
jib, with ends unequal in length. In its working position the 
jib is inclined with the short lower end projecting underneath 
the edge of the shed roof, and the long end extending upward 


MN Ee 


sd 


and out ‘over the hatchway of the vessel. A load is hoisted 
from the hold with the trolley at the outer end of the jib; 
when clear of the hatchway the trolley is allowed to move up- 
ward and downward along the jib. 

To allow the crane to be moved along the runway to different 
hatehes, or to allow the vessel to be moved along the wharf, 
the jib may be raised to a vertical position against the end of 
the gantry or bridge, when it will clear all parts of the vessel 
and wharf. See straight line crane. (R. W.) 

CRANE, INCLINED JIB—A jib crane in which the jib is inclined to 
the horizontal at a fixed angle. More power is naturally required 
to move the trolley up the slope, but other considerations often 
make the arrangement desirable. (See Crane, Inclined Cant- 
ilever Jib.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, INDEPENDENT—A rotary jib crane supported clear of a 
wall so that it may make a complete swing, as distinguished 
from a wall crane which may swing through a half-cirele only. 
ir. We) 

CRANE, INVERTED POST—An underhung crane consisting of a 
trolley travelling on an overhead bridge and having centrally 
fixed to it a downwardly projecting post on which a jib can swing 
in a horizontal plane beneath the bridge. The jib may or may 
not have a trolley; movement of the trolley and slewing of the 
jib may be by power or by hand. The hoisting is usually per- 
formed by any electric motor, carried on the jib. (See also Crane, 
Underhung; Crane, Horizontal Rotating Cantilever.) (R. W.) 


CRANE, JIB—A crane consisting of a bracket frame, or of a vertical 
post from which extends a horizontal arm (see Jib) carrying a 
traveller or trolley (see Trolley) on wheels, from which the load 
is suspended. The load is raised or lowered by a suitable hoisting 
mechanism (see Hoist) suspended from, built into or acting 
through the trolley, and free movement along the jib is then 
allowed by the trolley wheels. The vertical post is usually 
pivoted at the top and bottom to allow swinging (see Crane, 
Rotary Jib), but when a bracket frame is used, it is often 
non-swinging and mounted on wheels to allow of motion along 
a track or runway. (See Crane, Traveling Jib.) (R. W.) 


CRANE, LADLE—Any crane arranged especially for handling and 
pouring ladles of molten metal. The term is usually applied to 
overhead electric travelling cranes of large capacity, provided 
with a double set of hoisting ropes supporting a strong beam, 
from the ends of which long steel hooks support the ladle by 
trunnions at the sides. The double set of ropes prevents any 
turning tendency, and the use of the beam keeps the load blocks 
and hoisting rope away from the intense heat of the molten metal. 
Special precautions are taken to protect the whole equipment, 
mechanical and electrical, from the heat, dust and chemical 
fumes. (R. W.) 


CRANE, LOCOMOTIVE—A rotary travelling crane consisting of a 
pillar crane with inclinable boom mounted on a turntable carried 
on a wheeled car travelling on tracks of standard or special 
gage. It is extremely mobile, has been built to handle loads up 
to 500 tons—though the cranes in most common use handle about 
15 to 60 tons—it has a long reach, and may be adapted to a 
variety of uses. (R. W.) 


CRANE, LUFFING—A crane in which the load may be moved radially, 
or to or from the center of the crane structure, by changing 
the inclination of the boom from the end of which the load is 


Soa | fees 


suspended, as in a locomotive crane or derrick.* This motion 


may incidentally be accompanied by a raising or lowering of the 
load, but the term luffing has reference to the horizontal motion 
only. (R. W.) 

(Racking, side motion—Luffing lifting of boom.) 

CRANE, MONORAIL JIB—A wall travelling jib crane with a fixed 
radius swinging arm. (See also Crane Walking Jib.) (R. W.) 
CRANE, OVERHEAD ELECTRIC TRAVELLING—An overhead travel- 

ling crane, generally of the bridge type, operated by electricity. 


This method of driving is becoming so universal that the time is . 


rapidly approaching when all such cranes will be either electrical 
or hand-operated. (R. W.) 

CRANE,OVERHEAD TRAVELLING—A crane consisting of a _ steel 
bridge or girder structure supported at the ends on wheels 
travelling on elevated runways and having a trolley traversing the 
bridge—a hoist built into or hung on the trolley, and motors, 
gears, shafts, etc., for operating the machine, and apparatus for 
controlling it. (R.W.) Also called a shop crane. (R. S. M.) 

CRANE, PIER OR RAISED PIER—A locomotive crane having a strue- 
tural steel pillar or tower between the car body at the bottom 
and the turntable at the top, and serving to elevate the rotating 
pillar element and give it a greater length of hoist. (R.W.) 

CRANE, PILLAR—A rotary crane, generally fixed consisting of a pil- 
lar or post held in a vertical position by attachment at its base 
to a turntable or equivalent mechanism which is securely fastened 
to the foundation, and a boom of fixed radius and inclination 
which meets the pillar near the bottom and is supported at its 
outer and upper end by a tie rod from the top of the pillar. No 
trolley is ordinarily provided, and the load may be moved hor- 
izontally around the circumference of a circle of fixed radius 
only. (Also called Transfer Crane, or Railroad Crane, from its 
wide use for transfer purposes in freight yads.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, PILLAR JIB—A pillar crane with the usual self-sustaining 
post or pillar, but with the boom of fixed inclination replaced by 
a (generally) horizontal jib with a trolley running on it. The 
operating mechanism may be placed on a platform turning with 
the post, and opposite to the jib for counterbalance purposes. This 
crane is used in locations where guys or stiff legs for staying 
the top would be objectionable, but where the whole of .a ecir- 
cular area must be served. (Also called Column Jib Crane.) 

CRANE, PINTLE—A horizontal rotating cantilever crane on a tower, 
in which additional stability is given to the rotating element by 
rigidly connecting to it a. braced pintle extending down within 
the tower a considerable distance, and mounted in a roller step 
bearing at its lower end. The roller bearing at the top of 
the tower is of the radial type and merely guides the rotating 
element. (Also called Hammerhead Crane.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, POST—(See Crane, Pillar.) Also a small semi-portable jib 
crane arranged so that it may be bolted or clamped at the top 
and bottom of its mast to a post column or other part of a 
building structure. (R. W.) 

CRANE, PORTABLE—A crane which may be easily moved from one 
location to another on skids, rollers or wheels and used, after 
such changes of location, for crane purposes. This occasional 
motion of the whole structure is not, however, for the purpose of 
moving the load. 

The term is often applied specifically to a small pillar crane 
with built-in hoist, mounted on three wheels, and capable of being 


hauled around a floor by hand with its load. The base is usually 
made so that it straddles the load to be picked up, and the pillar 
is curved so that the load can be delivered on top of a machine, 
provided there is room for the base beneath the machine. (R. W.) 
CRANE, ROTARY—A crane in which the load is carried by a part 
or an assemblage of parts which are arranged to rotate about a 
vertical axis. Derricks, pillar cranes and jib cranes are examples 
of fixed rotary cranes; locomotive cranes, truck cranes and wreck- 
f ing cranes are examples of travelling rotary cranes. (R. W.) 
CRANE, ROTARY JIB—A jib crane which has a central post provided 

, with pivots at the top and bottom so that the whole structure 

ean swing about a vertical axis. If the load is carried at a fixed 

. point at the end of the jib, it is called a swing crane; if the 

load is carried on a trolley, it is usually known simply as a jib 
erane, or, sometimes from its former wide use in foundries, as a 
foundry crane.. Also called a mast jib crane. (R. W.) 

CRANE, ROTATING CANTILEVER—A crane consisting of a central 
tower of four vertical members, supporting at the center a long 
truss on which a trolley can move from one end to, the other. 
The central pier rotates on a circular track set on a _ suitable 
foundation; the area served is circular. (R. W.) 

CRANE, ROUNDHOUSE—An overhead travelling crane intended for 
use in locomotive roundhouses, and travelling on runways which 

a are arranged on the are of a large circle. In order to make the 

bridge keep a radial position as it moves along the curved track, 
the outer end must travel faster than the inner, and this may be 

: accomplished by having larger wheels at the outside, or by alter- 
ing the gear ratio; the latter is preferable on account of the 
advantage of using the same wheels throughout. The individual 
wheel axes should be radial. (R. W.) 

CRANE, SHIPYARD—The term applies to various types of cranes 
especially arranged and located for shipyard work, such as the 
delivering of the structural steel parts from the ground to the 
point in the hull where they are to be placed. They are charac- 
terized by a moderate load lifting capacity, a large clearance 
under the boom or jib, a sufficiently long reach to. cover the 

? necessary width of the building slip, and fairly rapid move- 

ment. (R. W.) 


CRANE, SKEW—A bridge type crane in which the travelling bridge, 
instead of being at right angles to the runway is set permanently 
at a less angle. The squaring shaft runs at right angles to the 

, runway, connecting diagonally opposite wheels on the end trucks. 

=) The bridge is of the monorail I-beam type, with open ends. A 
series of cranes of this type, arranged to travel on parallel run- 
ways transversely placed over a long floor area, can have trolleys 
run onto them from a single line of monorail runway by a single 
two-way switch for each crane, the runway being located along 
one side of the floor area, at right angles to the lines of bridge 
runway. (R. W.) 

CRANE, SOAKING PIT—An overhead travelling crane used in steel 
works, having a trolley to which is attached, either above or 
below, with vertically moving parts, a rigid structure carrying 
tongs suitable for gripping a hot steel ingot and removing it 
from furnace pits in the floor to a ear, or the reverse. It 
usually spans a standard or narrow gage railway as well as the 
soaking pits, sometimes called a vetical charging machine. (R. W). 


CRANE, STRIPPING—An overhead travelling crane specially ar- 
ranged for lifting the ingot molds off the ingots in steel works. 


poe i ee 


A rigid structure hangs from the trolley, with two eyes which 
are caught under hooks on the top of the inget mold, and which 
pull it upward. At the same time a vertically moving plunger 
pushes down on the top of the solidified metal, keeping it from 
rising with the mold. 

CRANE, TOWER JIB—A jib crane, generally with a self-supporting 
steel mast or pillar, mounted on a tower. The mast is stepped 
at its base in a bearing well down in the tower, and is guided 
by a radial roller bearing at the top of the tower. The jib is 
attached to the mast just above the top of the tower, is top 


braced to the top of the mast, and carries a trolley. If the tower 


is of the travelling gantry type, the crane is called a travelling 
tower jib erane. (See also Crane, Horizontal Rotating Can- 
tilever.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, TRACTOR—A small travelling crane generally of the rotary 
pillar type, mounted on wheels and capable of self-propulsion over 
sufficiently firm ground. (R. W.) 

CRANE, TRAM—A short bridge crane travelling longitudinally on 
overhead rails, without trolley motion. (R. W.) 

CRANE, TRANSFER—A crane permanently installed in freight yards, 

ete., and used to transfer heavy weights between cars and trucks, 
etc. The term is usually applied to a fixed gantry, though 
travelling gantries, overhead travelling cranes and pillar cranes 
applied to this purpose are often thus designated. Also ealled 
Railroad Crane. (See Gantry, Fixed.) 
Also, an overhead crane used to transfer a trolley with the use 
of switches. It generally consists of a travelling bridge which 
is so arranged that when it is properly located in line with one 
of the fixed runways, a trolley may be run onto it from the 
-runway, and transferred to another runway by moving the 
bridge. The girder is generally underhung, so as to leave its 
ends open. Locks or stops must also be provided to keep the 
ends of the runways and of the bridge closed at all times except 
when they are properly in line for the passage of the trolley. 
(R. W.) 

CRANE, TRAVELLING JIB—A jib crane mounted on wheels or trucks 
and arranged for self-propulsion. If the rails are on the side 
wall of a building, it is generally termed a wall travelling jib 
crane, and the jib is usually fixed, or without swing. If it runs 
on rails in the floor and is guided at the top by an overhead 
track it is called a walking jib crane, a velocipede crane or simply 
a travelling. jib crane. CR.We) 

CRANE, TRUCK—A small revolving pillar crane of fixed radius 
mounted on a truck or small car for operation on industrial 
tracks or with flat tread wheels for use on smooth floors or 
the ground. The term is generally applied to the small hand- 
operated types lacking the self-propélling feature; the large 
power-operated truck cranes are really locomotive cranes, as they 
are provided with travelling gear. (R. W.) 

CRANE, UNDERHUNG—An overhead travelling crane in which the 
bridge is hung to the end trucks below the level of the runway 
instead of above it, as is more usual. The runways usually con- 
sist of I-beams bolted to the beams of the floor above or to the 
roof trusses, and are often set in considerably from the end 
of the bridge, leaving a cantilever overhang at each end. Under- 
hung cranes, suitable for light work only, are often used as trans- 
fer cranes, because the ends of the bridge girder are open, allow- 
ing a trolley to run off and onto a monorail track when the 


aN fk -AeS 


nN 


erane is properly located. Also any crane in which a rotating 
jib or cantilever arm is hung beneath a trolley on a girder or 
runway. (See Crane, Horizontal Rotating Cantilever.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, WALKING JIB—A travelling jib crane which runs on a 
single line of rails on the floor, and is guided at the top by a 
parallel overhead track. The base, having two swiveling wheels, 
or four wheels arranged on swiveling trucks, carries the motive 
machinery, and is strongly bracketed to the mast in the plane 
of the tracks. The swinging jib is either top or under braced, 
and may or may not have a trolley. The top of the mast carries 
guide rollers which run along the sides of the guide rail. This 
guide rail must be heavily braced to prevent the crane from 
overturning when the loaded jib is swung to the side. For sta- 
bility when the load is in line with the track, dependence is 
placed on the long wheel-base and the heavy bracing to the mast. 
(Also called Velocipede Crane, or Travelling Jib Crane.) (R. W ) 

CRANE, WALL BRACKET JIB—The simplest form of rotary jib crane, 
eonsisting of a horizontal beam or jib, often of I-beam section, 
hinged to a fixed point on a wall at one end, and supported 
at the other by a diagonal tie attached to the wall by another 
hinge directly above that holding the jib. Usually no trolley is 
included so that the load is carried at the end of the jib only, 
and the crane is often called a swing crane. The hinge plate 
of the tie rod is kept as high as possible so as to cut down the 
stress in the tie. If a trolley is used, it is hung to the lower 
flange of the I-beam. (R. W.) 

CRANE, WALL TRAVELLING, OR WALL TRAVELLING JIB—A 
travelling jib crane which runs on horizontal lines of rails at- 
tached to one side of a building and extends outward over a por- 
tion of the floor space like a cantilever. The usual type has a 
structure consisting of a pair of top or under braced bracket 
frames rigidly braced together transversely, and carried by three 
rails; one at the top arranged to resist a pull outward from the 
wall, one at the bottom to resist horizontal inward thrust, and 
one at or near the bottom to carry the weight of the crane and 
load. A trolley runs on the horizontal part of the jib, with a 
built-in or independent hoist. The same variety of power equip- 
ment is supplied as with overhead electric travelling cranes— 
hand, electric or air hoist, and hand or electric trolley traverse 
and jib travel. (R.W.) 

CRANE, WALL OR WALL JIB—A rotary jib crane supported against 
a wall and swinging through a half circle only, as distinguished 
from an independent jib crane which is so supported as to swing 
through a full circle. (See Crane, Wall Travelling; Crane, Wall 
Bracket Jib.) (R. W.) 

CRANE, WHARF—Any crane, located on a wharf or pier, and particu- 

larly adapted to the transfer of cargo between the wharf or pier 
and the hold of the vessel alongside. Owing to the varying 
spacing of vessel hatchways, the crane must be capable of move- 
ment along the wharf, hence is mounted on a runway. Other 
requirements are: Sufficient horizontal reach to cover the hateh- 
way, sufficient length of hoist to raise the load from the bottom 
of the hold to a point entirely clear of the vessel, and rapidity 
and economy of operation. 
Types much used as wharf cranes are: Single or double portal 
gantries or travelling bridges on the wharf shed roof, carrying 
rotating pillar cranes; cantilever gantries with folding extensions 
over the hatehways; and gantries with inclined cantilever jibs. 
(R. W.) 


Se '\) 


CRANE, WRECKING—A crane used in railroad practice for clearing up 
wrecks. The type in almost universal use is a powerful travelling 
rotary pillar crane with a curved or angular boom of variable 
inclination, mounted on two trucks of four to sixteen wheels each; 
its practically a very powerful locomotive crane, with special 
facilities for being hauled at high speed in a wrecking train. 
(See Crane, Locomotive.) It is generally steam- operated, even 
on electrified roads, as wrecks often destroy the neighboring 
electrical conductors. An especially heavy lifting tackle is ar- 
ranged at a point about halfway out on the boom, and elaborate 
outriggers with jacks are provided to give the crane additional] 
stability for side lifts at large radius. (R. W.) 

CRITICAL VELOCITY—Of a current is one that will scour just 
enough to maintain the channel at the required depth. This 
is very difficult to determine in planning training jetties and 
other channel corrective works. (R. S. M.) 

CRIBS—Are box shaped frames of timber constructed in open work, 
with numerous compartments formed by means of transverse and 
longitudinal ties. They range from 30’ to 50’ in length and 
are never narrower than the total height. The main timbers are 
12 inches square—the lowest course or grillage 12’’x18’’. After 
placing in position the cribs are filled with rock. This method 
of quay or mole construction is confined almost entirely to the 
Great Lakes. (Br. Cun.) 

A elass of destructive wood boring animals. The three 
general species of importance being: Limnoria, Chelura and Sphae- 
roma, which see. 

CUSTOMS SURVEYORS. DUTIES OF SURVEYORS WHERE COL- 
LECTORS AND COMPTROLLERS OF CUSTOMS—At ports to 
which there are appointed a collector, comptroller of customs, 
and survevors, it shall be the duty of the surveyor, who shall be 
in all cases subject to the direction of the collector: (a) to 
superintend and direct all inspectors, weighers, measurers, and 
gaugers within his port; (b) to report once in every week to 
the collector the name or names of all inspectors, weighers, 
gaugers, or measurers who are absent from or neglect to do their 
duty; (¢) to visit or inspect the vessels which arrive in his 
port, and make a return in writing every morning to the col- 
lector of all vessels which have arrived from foreign ports dur- 
ing the preceding day; specifying (1) the names and denomina- 
tions of the vessels, (2) the masters’ names, (3) from whence 
arrived, (4) whether laden or in ballast, (5) to what nation 
belonging, and, (6) if American vessels whether the masters 
thereof have or have not complied with the law, in having the 
required number of manifests of the cargo on board, agreeing 
in substance with the provisions of law; (d) to put on board 
each of such vessels one or more inspectors immediately after 
their arrival in his port; (e) to examine whether the goods im- 
ported in any vessel and the deliveries thereof, agreeably to the 
inspector’s returns, correspond with the permits for landing the 
same; and if any error or disagreement appears, to report the 
same to the collector, and to the comptroller of customs, if any; 
(f) to superintend the lading for exportation of all goods entered 
for the benefit of any drawback, bounty, or allowance, and ex- 
amine and report whether the kind, quantity and quality of the 
goods, so laden on board any vessel for exportation, correspond 
with the entries and permits granted therefor; (g) (1) to 
examine, and, (2) frdm time to time, and particularly on the 
first Mondays of January and July in each year, to try the 


Cam) teal 


weights, measures, and other instruments used in ascertaining 
the duties on imports, with standards to be provided by each 
collector at the public expense for that purpose, and (3) where 
disagreements or errors are discovered, to report the same to 
the collector; and (4) to obey and execute such directions as 
he may receive for correcting the same, agreeably to the 
standards. (U. 8. S. B.) 


CUSTOMS—COMPTROLLER OF CUSTOMS. GENERAL DUTIES 
OF COMPTROLLERS OF CUSTOMS—At ports to which there 
are appointed a collector, comptroller of customs, and surveyor, 
it shall be the duty of the comptroller of customs: (a) to 
receive copies of manifests and entries; (b) to estimate, to- 
gether with the collector, the duties on all merchandise subjct 
to duty, and no duties shall be received without such estimates; 
(c) to keep a separate record of such estimates; and (d) to 
countersign all permits, clearances, certificates, debentures, and 
other documents to be granted by the collector. 

Comptrollers of Customs shall examine the collector’s accounts 
of receipts and disbursements of money and receipts and dis- 
position of merchandise and certify the same to the Secretary 
of the Treasury for transmission to the General Accounting 
office. 

They shall verify all assessments of duties and allowances of 
drawbacks made by collectors in connection with the liquidation 
thereof. In eases of disagreement between a collector and a 
comptroller of customs, the latter shall report the facts to the 
Secretary of the Treasury for instructions. 

They shall perform such other duties as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may from time to time prescribe, and their administra- 
tive examination shall extend to all customs districts assigned 
to them by the Secretary of the Treasury. (U.S. S. B.) 


D 


DATUM—Agreed standard point of elevation noted by permanent 
bench marks on some solid strueture from which water levels 
are measured. (R.S. M.) 


DATUM PLANE—Level at datum or zero. (R.S. M.) 
DAVIT—See Boat Crane. 


DEAD CENTER—A position in a mechanism in which the part acting 
as driver cannot operate the other parts without outside help, 
owing to a locking action. In particular, the position of a 
reciprocating engine when the crank pins are on the line of 
centers, so that the pressure on the piston cannot move. (R. W.) 


DEAD-END—To make fast the end of a rope used in hoisting or 
hauling operations, as the closing rope on a grab bucket, or a 
rope on a winding drum. (R. W.) 

DEAD FREIGHT—When a charterer has failed to provide a full cargo 
for the vessel chartered, the loss thus accruing to the shipowner 
must be made up by the charterer, and this is called ‘‘dead 
freight.’’ (J.Steph.) 

DEAD-MAN—A prop or post used to elevate a derrick guy near its 
anchorage in order to allow more head room beneath it. It is 
usually a wooden post, set firmly in the ground at an angle, with 
the guy passing over a notch in the top. A grooved plate may 
be used to prevent the guy from cutting into the end grain 
of the wood. Steel dead-men are also used. 

Also, an anchorage for a guy, cableway, ete., consisting of a tim- 


be 


ber or piece of structural steel buried in the ground with the 


end of the guy line fastened around its middle. (R. W.) 

DECK—Orlop deck. The first. deck above the lower hold 
Upper orlop. The next deck above the orlop deck. 

‘Tween deck. The next deck above the upper orlop. 
Steerage or main deck. The next deck above the ’tween deck. 
Poop deck. ‘A deck raised above the after part of a vessel. (Br.) 

DECK, REVOLVING—The revolving platform or turntable of a loco- 
motive crane. Also called the racer. (R. W.) 

DEFLECTION—Of rope lead onto a sheave or drum. (See Deviation.) 

R. W.) 

DEGHADATION- The term applied to the breaking up of lump 
material like coal into smaller lumps or into dust, due to handling 
or other causes. The resistance of the material to degradation 
often determines the best method of handling to be used. (R. W.) 

DEMOUNTABLE BODY SYSTEM—A system of motorized freight 

| terminal transportation consisting of a fleet of trucks with 
standard demountable bodies, with electric crane and overhead 
rails at loading and unloading points, by which full and empty 
truck bodies may be exchanged with only a short delay to the 
truck. The contents of the bodies are unloaded and loaded in 
proper due course, and the system is so handled by a dispatcher 
that the exchanges are promptly made. Also sometimes called the 
Cincinnati System, because it was first installed there on a 
considerable seale. (See also Gattie System.) (R. W.) 

DERRICK—Commonly used abbreviation of derrick crane. A rotary 
crane consisting of a vertical mast and means of holding it in 
a fixed vertical position, a boom, operating ropes and_ hoisting 
winch operated by hand or power. The mast is stepped at the 
bottom into a fixed baseplate and carries at its top either a 
loose cap or spider from which guys radiate to anchorages in 
the ground or other fixed points, or a pivot pin having its bear- 
ings held in place by gooseneck irons on the ends of. stiff-legs. 
The boom is hinged at or near the base of the mast to allow 
motion in a vertical plane, and has its outer end or point raised 
or lowered by ropes attached to the point leading around a 
guide sheave at the top of the mast, and thence around other 
guide sheaves at is base, to the hoisting winch. This line is 
called the topping lift or boom hoist. The load is carried by a 
rope called the load line leading around a sheave at the boom 
point, thence along the boom to guide sheaves at the mast, and 
to the hoisting winch. The load, boom and mast are slewed about 
the vertical axis by a wheel at the base of the mast (see Bull 
Wheel) having slewing lines leading from it to the slewing winch 
or by hand slewing lines attached to the boom point or to the 
load; complete rotation requires that the guys or stiff-legs be 
spread so far that they will clear the point of the boom at least 
a portion of its range of elevation. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, A-frame—An independent derrick in which the mast is re- 
placed by two struts spread apart at the bottom and united 
at the top. A cross-bar furnished the point of attachment of 
the boom, and another spar or stiffleg (or sometimes two), ex- 
tending to the rear, holds the top of the A-frame rigidly in 
position. The boom may be’ slewed somewhat less than 180 


deg. by lines leading through guide sheaves on the side struts, . 


or by a bull wheel. 

Another type has a mast in addition carried in pivots just in 
front of the A-frame, so that it can swing the load through a 
full 180 deg. (R. W.) 


wets yo aes 


5 


Rid 


DERRICK BOTTOM—The complete assemblage of metal parts at the 
base of a derrick mast, comprising the following parts or their 
equivalent; a foot block, secured to the bottom of the mast, 
having a pivot, either cylindrical or ball and socket, resting in 
the mast step in the base plate; a boom seat, either an integral 
part of the base plate, or secured separately to the mast above 
the base plate; straps and bolts for securing these irons in place; 
and one or more sheaves with their pins. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, BREAST—A hoisting device consisting of a pole derrick 
having two poles spread apart at the bottom where they rest 
on a cross piece, and approaching or meeting each other at the 
top, where they are fastened together. Other crossbars connect ' 
the two poles, and a hand-winch is fastened to one of the lower 
ones, the load line passing around a sheave fastened to the top 
crossbar or top point. Guys hold the derrick in position, and 
by their adjustment provide a means for a small horizontal move- 
ment of the load. Generally portable, and used for small work. 
(R. W.) 

DERRICK CAR—A truck or car on which is mounted a stiff-leg or 
A-frame derrick. The sills or lie legs may be bolted to a standard 
flat ear and the stiff-legs attached to them in the usual way, 
or the frame of the car itself may be utilized for anchoring the 
stiff-legs. The mast and boom are sometimes arranged to lower 
to allow of hauling along a railroad right of way. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, COUNTERWEIGHT—A small portable derrick consisting 
of a mast firmly fixed in a base and braced by short braces hav- 
ing pivoted to it a boom which has a short extension on the 
side opposite the load. This extension may be counterweighted 
by the hoisting winch and by additional weight if desired. The 
inclination of the boom may be changed, but neither it nor the 
mast rotate. (R. W.) 


DERRICK, FLOATING—(See also Crane, Floating.) A derrick, 
usually of the stiff leg or A-frame type, mounted on a barge or 
pontoon. It is generally of moderate proportions and special 
provision must be made for stiffening the frame to resist the 
side stresses due to tipping when lifting a heavy load, and when 
acted on by waves. The slewing gear must also be powerful 
enough to swing the boom under any condition of side tipping. 
The derrick may be of the mast type with two or four stiff-legs 
of the A-frame type or with two stiff-legs of the A-frame type 
with a mast in addition. This last arrangement allows a full 
180 deg. swing. The hoisting machiney is located on the deck 
of the barge where convenient, and considerable clear space is 
left in front of the derrick, so that the barge may be loaded 
and be used for water transportation, as well as for purely 
lifting purposes. (R. W.) 


DERRICK, FULL CIRCLE—A derrick which has its mast so supported 
as to allow complete rotation. This is accomplished in a guyed 
derrick by having the guys spread far enough to clear the boom 
point. Stiff-legs of the ‘‘broken-back’’ type also allows complete 
rotation. (R.W.) ° . 

DERRICK, FULL-CIRCLE STIFF-LEG—A stiff-leg derrick arranged 
to swing a complete circle if desired. The two straight stiff-legs 
ordinarily used are replaced by ‘‘broken-back’’ stiff-legs, with a 
post. or strut supporting the leg at the angle of the break. The 
boom can then pass under the stiff-legs and make a complete 
circle. Two posts or struts are sometimes used to support the 
stiff-leg, giving better support against side yielding. 


As at least two ropes ordinarily pass up into the mast through 
the bottom step, and these would be fouled by a complete turn, 
it is customary to mount the hoist on a platform at the bottom 
of the mast and rotating it, driven by a pinion meshing with 
large gear fixed to the foundation, called a bull gear. The 
weight of the hoist may be utilized to partially counterbalance 
the weight of the boom and load. Also called full swing derrick. 
ROW) 

DERRICK, GIN HOLE—A pole derrick in which the single pole is 
stepped in a socket at the bottom to allow a small amount of 
inclination from the vertical in any direction by slacking the 
guys securing the pole top. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, GUYED—A derrick in which the mast is held in a vertical 
position by guy lines, generally of wire rope, attached to a fitting 
at its top, and to anchorages in the ground distant from the 
base of the mast. Three such anchorages are absolutely needed, 
though more are always provided. The relative proportions of 
height of mast, length of boom and length of guys have an im- 
portant bearing on the possibility of swinging the boom past the 
guys at certain of its elevations. . 

Guyed derricks are always fixed, never movable or travelling. 
(R.. W.) 

DERRICK HOISTING WINCH—A term sometimes applied to a two- 
drum winch to which has been added a boom slewing gear, fitting 
it especially for handling a derrick with a bull wheel. When 
driven by a steam engine, sometimes incorrectly called a derrick 
engine. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, INDEPENDENT—A. derrick which has its mast so sup- 
ported that it is independent of outside stays or guys, a derrick 
having a self-sustaining mast. (R. W.) 


DERRICK, JINNIWINK—A special type of light A-frame derrick 
designed with a view to easy portability, for contractor’s and 
similar work. (R. W.) 

DERRICK MAST—The vertical strut, post or spar forming part of a 
derrick. It rests at its base or heel in the foot block forming 
part of the derrick bottom, and has at its top a gadgeon or pivot 
which is held in place by guys or stiff-legs, thereby holding the 
mast in a vertical position. 

It is built of wood in small and medium sizes, and of steel in 
medium and large sizes, generally of four angles with lattice 
bracing. (R. W.) 


DERRICK, POLE—A boomless crane or hoisting device with a very 
limited horizontal motion of the load, and intended mainly for 
hoisting purposes. It consists of a pole resting on a cross-piece 
at its base, with its top held in place by guys, a sheave for the 
hoisting line at the top of the pole, and a hand-winch attached 
to the pole near the base. The horizontal motion is given by 
slacking on the guys. (See also Derrick, Gin Pole.) (R. W.) 


DERRICK, SELF-SLEWING—A derrick in which the boom is slewed 

or swung about a vertical axis by power, through the medium 
of slewing lines and bull wheel, as opposed to one in which hand- 
power is used for this purpose. 
Also a full-cirele derrick in which the driving unit is mounted 
on a platform at the base of the mast, and rotates with it, power 
being applied to a stationary bull gear by a vertical shaft pinion 
driven from the hoisting winch engine. (See Derrick, Full- 
Circle Stiff-Leg.) (R. W.) 


SEOs 


DERRICK, SHIP—A derrick especially arranged for handling the 

eargo of a ship. It consists of two booms attached to a mast 
by goose-necks, with the usual operating ropes and _ hoisting 
machinery. In operation, one boom is guyed with its point over 
the cargo hatch, and the other with its point over the lighter 
or wharf at the ship’s side. <A hoisting rope from each boom 
is attached to the load, and by proper manipulation of the hoist- 
ing drums is hoisted from the hold, swung over the side, and 
lowered. (See Cargo Handling Gear.) 
The term derrick is also applied on shipboard to a spar raised 
on end, with the head steadied by guys and the heel by lashings, 
and having block and tackle attached to its head for lifting 
heavy weights. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, SKID—A small portable derrick of the stiff-leg, or A-frame 
type, mounted with a hoisting winch on a platform resting on 
skids. Its capacity is very limited, except directly in front, 
unless temporary guys are arranged. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, STIFF-LEG—A derrick in which the mast is held in a 
vertical position by two slanting struts or spars, called stiff- 
legs, or back-legs, attached to the mast cap at one end, and to 
anchorages in the ground at the other, the structure resembling 
a tripod with one vertical leg (the mast) and two other equal 
slanting legs (the back-legs), having their bases 90 deg. apart. 
The boom swings about the vertical axis of the mast through an 
angle of somewhat less than 270 deg. 

For a portable derrick, the fixed anchorages are replaced by two 
horizontal sills or lie-legs, attached to each other at the base 
of the mast and there carrying the mast step, and extending 
along the ground to the basis of the stiff-legs, and secured to 
them. The sills are then anchored by heavy weights placed on 
them. 

A third stiff-leg, or compression member, is often placed vertically 
just behind the mast to relieve it of the compression load it 
would otherwise carry. 

Four stiff-legs are often used, especially in floating derricks 
(See Derricks, Floating.) (R. W.) 

DERRICK, SUKLY—A portable hoisting device consisting of four 
poles mounted on two wheels, and when erected for use, form- 
ing a rectangular pyramid secured by bolts and hinges at the 
apex where means are also provided for securing block and tackle. 
Two of the poles are rigidly braced to each other by crossbars, 
the lower of which bear the hoisting drum and gearing which 
is operated by turning two large wheels at the ends of the shaft 
by hand. The other two legs are separately hinged at the top. 
For transportation, the framed poles are tipped over until the 
wheels rest on the ground, the two independent poles are folded 
down on the others. 

Also called trench derricks, from its wide use over a trench for 
lowering pipe, ete. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, TOWER—A stiff-leg or A-frame derrick mounted on an 
elevated structure in order to obtain high lift and large clearance 
under the boom. ' The structure is sometimes triangular in plan 
with vertical corner posts under the mast and each of the two 
stiff-leg ends. Sometimes it is square, with two stiff-leg der- 
ricks mounted on diagonally opposite corners, or rectangular 
with two stiff-leg derricks at adjacent corners, the stiff-legs 
being arranged with different slopes to allow of their crossing. 
Occasionally three separate towers are built, one each under 
the mast and the two stiff-leg ends. 


— 25 — 


A stiff-leg derrick has also been mounted on an adjustable turn- 
table on top of a tower in such a way that the most could be 
brought over any one of the four corners of the tower as de- 
sired, and clamped there, the mast being swung by a bull wheel 
as usual. The rear ends of the sills are clamped down to the 
tops of the two adjacent corner posts. 

Also, in building construction in locations where long guys can- 
not be used, a well braced wooden tower, with short iron guys 
to heavily loaded extended sills at the bottom, is used to support 
one or more derricks at the four corners. The tower is lengthened 
and derricks moved upward as the building progresses. (R. W.) 

DERRICK, TRAVELLING STIFF-LEG—A stiff-leg which is mounted 
on a car or wheels. One type is carried on two widely spaced 
rails; one sill is parallel to and over the rail, and carried by 
non-swiveling track wheels at each end, and the other sill is 
at right angles, with its far end carried by a wheel or truck on 
the other rail. A horizontal diagonal tie keeps the sills at right 
angles and insures rigidity, and the remote ends of the sill are 
often weighted with boxes of earth or stone. The load is also 
sometimes counterbalanced by counterweighing the bull wheel 
on the side opposite the boom. (See also Derrick Car.) (R. W.) 

DERRICK, TRIPOD—A hoisting device consisting of a pole supported 
in an inclined position by two props, having a crab on the pole 
near the base, and a sheave at its top. Generally portable, and 
used for small work. (R. W.) 

DEVIATION—The departure from a fixed or previously stated sail- 
ing course or ports of eall. 

Deviation Clause—in the B/L. permits a ship to change it an- 
nouneed itiniary. 

Of rope lead onto a sheave or drum. The angle between the 
center of the rope and the central plane of the sheave or groove. 
A deviation which brings the rope barely into contact with the 
slanting side of the groove is not objectionable; more will wear 
the rope, or may cause it to jump the groove. 

Also called deflection, and side draft. (R. W.) 

DIAPHRAGM, OR DIAPHRAGM PLATE—A transverse plate fitted in- 
side of a box section steel girder, to stiffen the sides and pre- 
vent buckling. It is used in overhead travelling crane girders, 
both in the bridge girders and in the end frame. In the former 
it also serves to stiffen the top plate and enable it to carry the 
load on the rail. (R. W.) 

DIAPHONE FOG SIGNAL—An American development of a distinctive 
sound, aid to navigation, a horn blast ending in a grunt. The range 
is up to 40 miles. Due to the characteristic of the tone quality 
this fog signal cannot be mistaken for other sounds such as steam 
w histles. (Shank. R. 8S. M.) 

DITCHER, RAILROAD—An excavating machine designed especially for 
efficient operation in cleaning out the ditches along the right- 
of-way. The requirements are to dig somewhat below the track 
level and close to the ends of the ties; to deliver the excavated 
material to cars on the same or adjoining tracks; and to have 
the power of self-propulsion (unless a locomotive can be spared 
to accompany the ditcher.) (R. W.) 

DIVING DRESS—(1) Ship connected, with pump aboard vessels and 
air tube to the diver, (2) self contained diving dress has an air 
pressure tank, and an oxygen tank and a (gas mask’’ or air 
regenorator of chemicals that convert co2 gas into pure oxygen 
so that it may be breathed again. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

DOCKING—See tow boat charges. 


DOCKABLE PERIOD—The time during which the stand of water 
and current will permit a vessel to enter her dock. Dock en- 
trance design must give this consideration. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

DOCUMENTS—(1) Ship’s papers, (2) Financial Papers, a draft in 
duplicate with a full set of Bs/L. (3 or 4 signed copies accord- 
ing to the number of signed copies noted on the B/L.) Insurance 
certificate, commercial invoice, consular invoice or certificate 
of origin. 

DOG—A piece of metal used in conjunction Wrath a larger body to act 
as a clamp. A part of a clamp. Also, a steel rod with two ends 
pointed and bent up at right angles to hold together logs or 
timbers by driving one leg into each of them. 

Also a single pointed steel piece with a ring or chain attached, 
for handling floating timbers. (R. W.) 

DOLLEY—A small single-wheel truck used in transporting moderately 
heavy bodies for short distances. It consists of a heavy rec- 
tangular frame, generally of wood, on the underside of which 
are secured bearings carrying the shaft of a wide faced wheel 
or roller. The object to be moved is placed with its center over 
the roller, or two dolleys are used, one at each end of the object. 
(R. W.) 

DOCKING—See Tow Boat Charges. 

The operation and the charge for performing the operation of a 
tow boat or tug for sk ara a vessel into her berth—opposite 
overstion is undocking. (R.S. M.) 

DOMESTIC VOYAGE—Voyage of any vessel enrolled or licensed to 
engage in the coasting trade on the northern, northeastern and 
northwestern frontiers of the United States or any other coast- 
wise or intercoastal voyage. (U.S. 8S. B.) 


DOWNHAUL BALI-—See Cheek Block. 


DOWNHAUL BALL—In hoists, a heavy weight interposed between 
the hook and lifting block, or built into the lifting block to 
furnish sufficient pull to make the hoist or tackle overhaul 
when it is desired to lower without load. (R. W.) 

DRAG LINE EXCAVATOR—An excavating machine consisting of a 

drag scraper or a scraper bucket operated by a crane, derrick, 
slack-rope cableway or other similar apparatus. 
When used with a crane or derrick the bucket is handled by two 
ropes; one of these, the hoisting rope, leads over a sheave at the 
boom point and thence to a winch drum. The pulling or drag 
rope from the bucket leads directly to another drum on the 
winch. The bucket is dragged along the ground toward the 
winch by the pulling rope, and fills, owing to its shape and method 
of attachment to the pulling bridle. (See Drag Line Scraper 
Bucket). When full it is raised from the ground by the hoisting 
rope, swung to the point desired, dumped, returned, lowered to 
the ground, and is ready for another trip. (R. W.) 

DRAG LINE SCRAPER—A Scoop- shaped implement used for moving 
bulk material by a scraping action. It is attached to a line 
led to a winch, and is dragged over the material to be moved, 
heaping it up in front and sliding it along partly in the scoop 
and partly on the surface of the material in front. It is re- 
turned by a line attached to its rear side, which also dumps it 
when pulled. Used for excavating, also in connection with stor- 
ing and reclaiming coal in bulk in storage piles. (Also called drag 
scraper scoop; drag scraper.) (R. W.) 

DRAG-ROPE—In drag bucket installations the rope which pulls the 
bucket or scraper along over or through the material. (See 


seg 7 aa 


Excavator; Drag Line Excavator, Slack-rope Cableway.) As this 
rope gets very rough treatment, it must be of the very best 
material and have ample margin of strength. (R. W.) 

DRAG SCRAPER—A horse-drawn, scoop-shaped pan made of one piece 
of stamped steel and used for light excavating. It has handles 
at the rear and a pulling bridle at the front for attaching a 
team of horses. The scraper is made to dig by lifting on the 
handles by hand; when the scraper is full they are dropped and 
the scraper rides on the smooth bottom to the dumping point. 
Here a large lift of the handles causes the cutting edges to dig 
in sharply and turn the scraper over. (R. W.) 

DRAW-BAR—A bar by which a locomotive draws a car behind it or a 
tractor its trailer; also a similar bar used between two cars or 
two trailers. (R. W.) 

DRAWBACK—Merchandise entered for consumption when re-exported 
providing it has not lost its identity and can be satisfactorily 
identified as the identical merchandise imported will recover 
99% of the duty paid... (U.S; 8..B.) 

DRAWBAR PULL—The pull exerted by a_ self-propelled vehicle in 
drawing or trying ‘to draw a load behind it. Ideally it is equal 
to the tractive effort, but practically is always less on account 
of certain resistances of the vehicle itself. (R. W.) 


DRAWING, COLD—The process of drawing metail bars of various 
shapes through dies while cold, in order to improve the finish, 
the quality of the surface metal, or to size the bar” very ae- 
curately. (Sometimes erroneously called Cold Rolling.) (R. W.) 


DREDGE—A machine for excavating material at the bottom of a 
body of water, raising it to the top and discharging it on the 
bank, or into a scow for removal to a distant point. Dredges 
may be classified as floating dredges which are mounted on a 
scow or other floating craft, or land dredges which travel on 
land, but are used for excavating beneath the level on which 
they stand, and generally beneath water. Floating dredges 
may be classed as (1) grapple dredges, in which the digging 
element is a grab bucket operated by ropes; (2) dipper dredges 
in which the digging element is a bottom dumping bucket 
mounted on the end of a long handle or boom; (3) ladder 
dredges in which the digging element is an endless chain bucket 
elevator extending down into the water on a frame or ladder; 
and (4) suction dredges in which the excavated material mixed 
with water is drawn into a centrifugal pump through an intake 
pipe reaching down to the bottom and discharged onto ‘the 
bank or into a scow. 

Land dredges are classified as track, skid, or roller, tracklaying 
or walking, according to the method of moving them, and as 
grapple, dipper, or drag line scraper bucket according to the 
method of digging the underwater material. 
Land dredges are also often called excavators, even where they 
remove material from beneath water. (R. W.) 


DREDGE, DIPPER—A floating dredge in which the digging element 
consists of a dipper mounted on a handle, and operated from a 
boom which may be swung about a vertical axis, the whole 
being mounted on the front end of a scow. Except that it has 
a longer boom and dipper handle, and a higher A-frame, it is 
substantially the same as a steam shovel. The scow is usually 
not self-propelled, and deposits the soil on banks beside the body 
of water being dredged, or into bottom dumping hopper scows 
for dumping elsewhere. (R. W.) 


ae TG - 


DREDGE, ELEVATOR—A dredge which removes material from the 
bottom of a body of water and delivers it to a discharge hopper 
or other desired point by a series of scraper buckets attached 
to a chain, and passing around a vertical frame or ladder with 
tumblers at each end, and driven by the upper tumbler. The 
material is scooped up while the buckets are passing around 
the bottom tumbler and is dumped as they pass over the top 
one. It is capable of digging to considerable depths and in 
fairly hard material, and is used to some extent for deepening 
channels, and rather generally for gold dredging. It is also 
widely used for procuring sand and gravel from submerged banks, 
to be used for building purposes. The buckets dump into a 
screening mechanism, and the sand, gravel and boulders are 
separated, the last being dumped overboard to the rear if not 
desired. 

Also called placer dredge, ladder dredge, and chain and bucket 
dredge. (R. W.) 

DREDGE ENGINE—The engine—steam or internal combustion— 
which drives the machinery of a dredge. Steam engines are in 
more general use, and are usually of the double reversing type, 
connected by gearing to one or more shafts on which the oper- 
ating drums are placed. 

The term is also often applied to the engine and all operating 
machinery driven by it, including drums, shafts,, clutches, brakes 
and operating gear. (R. W.) 

Recent large dredges have been Diesel-Electric. (R. S. M.) 

DREDGE, GRAPPLE—A dredge in which the digging element is a 
grab bucket of the clam shell or orange peel type. The grapple 
is used extensively on both land and floating dredges. (R. W.) 

DREDGE, GRAVITY SWING—A grapple dredge in which the relative 
location of the swing circle and topping lift is such that the 
boom tends to swing to one side. It is allowed to swing thus 
after the bucket has been filled and hoisted; after dumping it 
is pulled back by a rope wound on a drum on the winch, or by 
a counterweight on a holding drum, the weight of which is suf- 
ficient to overcome the side pull of the empty bucket, but not 
that of the full bucket. (R. W.) 

DREDGE, HYDRAULIC—A machine for excavating material from 
river channels, harbors, ete., widening and deepening them, by 
drawing it into a centrifugal pump through a suction pipe having 
its end thrust into the material. Soft material will be removed 
without agitation, or with only that produced by water jets, 
but tougher substances must be acted upon by an agitator which 
usually takes the form of a rotating head with cutting blades 
surrounding the orifice in the suction pipe end. The suction 
pipe is pivoted on a horizontal axis at the bow of the scow. 
The discharge of the pump is led ashore by a flexible line of 
piping which may extend as far as a couple of miles,* or is 
led into bottom dumping scows, to be carried to a_ suitable 
dumping point. (*3500 yards is about the limit without a 
booster.) 

In large bodies of water the dredge is swung from side to side 
and advanced slowly at each sweep, by the manipulation of spuds 
and guiding ropes. In narrow canals the suction pipe itself 
is swung from side to side while the dredge is moved slowly 
forward. 

A hydraulic dredge is also often used for supplying sand and 
gravel from submerged banks for building purposes, and is 


Se BT hens 


usually called a sand sucker. The pump delivers the material to 
screening machinery, and the sand, gravel and boulders are 
separated, the last being deposited to the rear if not desired. 
R. W. 

aide: Na neh excavating machine which is moved along on 
dry land, but does its excavating under the water which it spans, 
or along the side of which it runs. (See Dredge.) When it does 
dry excavating it is usually called an excavator. (R. W.) 

DREDGE, RE-HANDLING—A floating dredge which takes the dis- 
charge from sea-going hopper dredges and pumps it ashore. This 
system is used where it is impossible or uneconomical for the 
hopper dredge to go to sea to dump, and where it is not pos- 
sible to pump the material ashore at once from the dredge on 
account of rough water or for other reasons. (R. W.) 

DREDGE, SEA-GOING HOPPER—A self-propelled hydraulic dredge 
which delivers the excavated material to bottom dumping hoppers 
within its own hull, and carries it to the dumping ground in 
deep water or elsewhere, by its own propelling machinery. These 
dredges usually have the suction pipe along side the ship, pivoted 
at a point approximately amidships, and trailing to the rear. 
R. W. 

Sere bears TYPE LAND—A land dredge which is supported 
by flanged wheels running on rails. The sections of rails may 
be moved forward after the dredge has passed over them, by 
the machine itself, or by outside means. The dredge may be 
hauled forward by ropes attached to deadmen set in advance 
of the machine, or to the ends of the rail sections on which it is 
supported. (R. W.) . 

DREDGE, WALKING LAND—A land dredge or excavator which is 

“ built on a deck or platform spanning the ditch to be excavated 
and which is supported on six skids in such a way that it may 
be propelled forward by their proper manipulation. There is 
one skid at each corner of the dredge platform which may be 
moved up or down. Other larger movable skids, called walking’ 
skids, on each side between the front and rear corner skids, 
are also capable of being raised or foreed down, and of being 
moved along from front to back or the reverse. In operation, 
the walking skids are moved forward and foreed downward un- 
til they take a considerable portion of the weight off the plat- 
form which is then pulled forward by rope tackle attached to 
the walking skids and handled by the winch. The walking skids 
are now relieved of the weight, which is transferred to the 
corner skids, and the dredge is moved forward, after which 
the cycle is repeated as many times as may be necessary. 

This method of propulsion enables the machine to pass over land 
which is too soft for most other types of excavating machinery, 
and in addition saves the cost of tracks. (R. W.) 

DRIFT—The term applied to the continued movement of crane or other 
machinery, due to inertia after shutting off the power. Friction 
tends to bring the parts to rest, and drifting does no harm if 
fully under the control of the operator by brakes which ean 
be applied if needed. Rapid action, however, generally requires 
the use of brakes and the elimination of the period of drifting. 
(R. W.) 

DRIFT. (noun)—The distance the cargo has to be dragged in the 
hold before reaching the hatch opening. (Br.) 

DRIFT ANGLE—(Of a ship when turning)—-The angle between the 
middle line of the ship and the tangent to the path at any 


ey: (Ve 


particular instant is the drift angle. Its amount varies in dif- 
ferent classes of ships, and also at different points of the path. 
Newer ships, turning more quickly have greater drift angles. 
When the helm is put over the effect on the ship is to force 
the stern to the side of the original course. The stern does 
not clear the original course, line until about 6 points are turned. 
The stern sometimes sweeps out as much as 50’. If the drift 
angle is large the resistance of the ship in the direction of the 
path is large. (Shank.) 

DRUM, FRICTION—A winding drum which is driven from its shaft 
by a friction clutch. The clutch is generally of the cone type, 
with wedge shaped blocks of wood or bronze fastened in a circle 
to one of the parts (usually the drum gear keyed to the shaft) 
and is capable of being forced axially into a corresponding groove 
in the other part (usually the drum) the resulting friction being 
sufficient to make them revolve together. When ‘‘out,’’ the 
drum is free to turn unless retarded by a hand brake. A ratchet 
and wheel are also supplied to hold the load independently of 
the brake; the ratchet must be thrown out of action when low- 
ering by the brake. (R. W.) 

DRUM, FRICTION GEARED—A winding drum which is rotated by 
friction gearing. (R. W.) 

DRUM, GRAVITY PLANE—A brake controlled drum used for simul- 
taneously lowering a loaded car and raising an empty one on 
a gravity plane. Two separate ropes are used, one coiled in each 
compartment of the two-compartment drum, with one end at- 
tached to the drum and the other to one of the cars, the wind- 
ing being done in opposite direction. A band brake controls 
the motion of the drum overhauling under the weight of the 
load in the loaded car. (R. W.) 


DRUM LAGGING—Wooden strips which may be bolted between the 
end flanges of a winding drum to increase its diameter and in- 
crease the speed of hoisting, with, of course, a corresponding de- 
crease in the pull which may be exerted. They may le on the 
original surface: of the drum, or may be considerably above 
it, and be held in position by bolts through the flanges. 

DRUM, OUTBOARD—A winding drum mounted separately from the 
rest of the drums in a winch and driven either separately or by 
gearing from the engine driving the main winch. It is generally 
located to one side, though sometimes in line with one of the 
other drums, or because it is temporarily added to the main 
winch to obtain an extra drum. (R. W.) 

DRUM, PEAKING—A term sometimes applied to the drum of a crane 
or derrick winch which handles the boom hoist or topping lift. 
(R. W.) 

DRUM, STORAGE OR CABLE STORAGE—A winding drum which has 
a considerable capacity for cable, for use under widely different 
conditions as to length of hoist or haul. Such conditions arise in 
building operations as the successive floors are reached. In 
particular, a derrick slewed by a bull wheel must save some such 
provision for lengthening the slewing line if used in build- 
ing operations. (R. W.) 

DRUM, TAG LINE—A small winding drum which keeps up the slack 
and maintains a slight tension in a tag line attached to the load 
lifted by a crane, dispensing with the services of a tag-man. 
It is often driven by a drag clutch on the main shaft of the 
hoisting winch. (R. W.) 


ae) ee 


Ei 


ECCENTRIC—A form of crank in which the crank pin is enlarged 
in size so as to include the shaft, thus becoming the crank web 
and crank pin in one. It is nearly always used in connection 
with a surrounding or enclosing eccentric strap, which is at- 
tached to an eccentric rod, and produces a reciprocating motion 
of the remote end of the eccentric rods w( Re W..) 

ECHO MEASUREMENTS OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE—Similar ex- 
periments to those used in sounding have been made since 1914, 
to ascertain ocean surface distance on objects such as “icebergs. 
(Shank. R.S. M.) 

ECHO SOUNDING—See Sonic Depth Sounder. 

EFFICIENCY—The ratio of output to input, or of useful work done 
to total work done, or of result accomplished to effort made. 
Tt cannot equal unity in any actual mechanism because of fric- 
tion, and usually falls far below it. (R. W.) 

ELDER BRETHERN OF THE CORPORATION— (Trinity Masters) — 
As nautical assessors, assist the judges in the Admiralty Division 
and other judges, as required in shipping cases. (Trinity House, 
London.) (Shank.) 

ELEVATOR, AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC—An elevator which can be 
started by a system of push buttons and brought at the floor 
where it is.desired without any operator being present in the 
ear. The A. S. M. E. Code defines an automatic button-control 
elevator as an elevator the operation of which is controlled by 
buttons in such a manner that all landing stops are automatic. 
They are widely operated on both alternating and direct currents 
and at 110 to 250 volts. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, AUTOMATIC FLOOR LEVELLING MACHINE—A device 

for automatically insuring accurate landings irrespective of load 
and speed, and of automatically maintaining this accurate land- 
ing during loading and unloading irrespective of the stretch of 
the cables. (R. W.) 
Also called micro elevator, or micro-levelling elevator. The opera- 
tion is accomplised by means of a small auxihary motor, operating 
with very low gear and moving the winding mechanism after the 
main motor is shut off. (R.S. M.) 

ELEVATOR, BELT—An elevating apparatus consisting of an endless 
flat or troughed belt passing around head and tail pulleys and 
over immediate supporting idlers, the whole being set at an in- 
cline and driven in such a direction that material deposited on 
the upper run will be carried upward and be discharged over 
the head pulley. 

The belt may be flat or troughed, the latter having greater 
capacity; it may have cleats or cross strips to prevent lumps 
from rolling down or packages from sliding, or when the in- 
clination is steep it may have deep pockets or buckets. 

The details are similar to those described under Conveyor, Belt, 
except that no tripper is used since the discharge is always 
over the head. (R. W. 

ELEVATOR, BELT AND BUCKET, OR BELT BUCKET—A bucket 
elevator in which the buckets are fastened by their backs to an 
endless belt of fabric, which travels around head and foot pulleys 
having considerable crown. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, BUCKET—A continuous elevator, consisting of a travel- 
ling endless belt, of fabric or chain, to which buckets are at- 
tached and which moves in such a direction as to raise material 
fed into them at the bottom, and deliver it by inverting them 


St eee 


>) 


at the top. Pulleys or sprockets are mounted on the head and 
foot shafts at line vertically, or offset so that the lines of 
buckets between them are inelined, the ascending side being 
the upper one when thus inelined. The head and foot shafts 
are mounted in a frame and left open, or enclosed in a head 
casing and boot respectively which are connected by a casing 
or trunking in the fully enclosed elevator. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, CHAIN AND BUCKET, OR CHAIN BUCKET—An 
elevator in which the buckets are fastened to one or two strands 
gan chain? jp (Ra Ws) 

ELEVATOR CHAIN PUMP—A pump consisting of an endless chain 
on two sprockets, having dise attachments at intervals closely 
fitting the inside of a pipe into which the chain passes at the 
bottom under water, and up which it is drawn lifting the water 
caught between the discs. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, CONTINUOUS BUCKET—A bucket elevator in which 
the buckets are placed in a continuous line along one or two 
strands of chain or a belt, allowing feeding to be accomplished 
from a chute, and using the front of one bucket as chute for 
the discharge of the next following one on passing over the 
head wheels. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, DEWATERING—A bucket elevator having its buckets 
made of perforated metal or woven wire, so that water can 
drain away from the material raised. A draining elevator. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, DOCK LEG—A two strand vertical bucket elevator which 
is suspended from the top by a structure erected on a wharf, 
and which can be lowered into the hold of a vessel for the 
purpose of unloading bulk cargo. The lower shaft is hung in 
the bights of the chains, no casing being used, and earries a 
boot which is open at the bottom and therefore self-feeding. 
In some arrangements the chain and buckets, of the gravity dis- 
charge V-type, are continued on a horizontal run at the top 
as a conveyor and carry the material over a storage bin where 
it is dumped. In other cases, the material is discharged as the 
buckets pass around the head sprockets, on to a_ horizontal 
conveyor for further movement. 

The drive is through the top sprocket. 
Also called a dock leg unloader. (See Elevator, Marine Leg.) 
(R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, FINGERED—A continuous package elevator having its 
rigid arm or suspended tray formed of a _ series of parallel 
fingers projecting from one or both sides of a bar which is 
attached to the one or two chains of the elevator, and used in 
conjunction with similarly fingered loading and unloading plat- 
forms. A load resting on a platform is picked up by the fingered 
moving platform coming up from beneath it and passing between 
the fingers. Moving downward it will be deposited on a similarly 
fingered discharge platform, and if this be sharply sloping, the 
load will immediately slide out of the way of the next following 
ear. The fingers may be curved to fit around objects, flat to 
hold boxes and trays, or combination, with a curved middle 
portion and straight ends. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, GIG—A small intermittent platform elevator travelling 
in guides in a vertical shaft, and used for handling articles 
uniform in size, such as boxes, cakes of ice, ete. The box or 
cake in the loading runway is automatically released and slides 
onto the elevator platform when the latter has reached the 
bottom; it is then hoisted, and on reaching the desired height, 


slides out onto the delivery platform owing to the permanent 
slope of the elevator platform. Adjustable automatic stops limit 
the travel of the elevator, which can be made entirely automatic. 
It ean be used for lowering by reversing the direction of the 
slopes. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, HYDRO-PNEUMATIC—An elevator operated by a 
cylinder with a plunger or piston, and a combination of air and 
hydraulic power (water or oil.) Since air is compressible, the 
load cannot be removed from a straight compressed air elevator 
at any other point than the top or the bottom of the travel 
(where the car is against stops.) More than two levels can be 
served, however, if oil only is used in the elevator cylinder, but 
is forced into the cylinder by air pressure on top of it in the 
storage tank. When the air is released the elevator will descend, 
but motion can be arrested at any point in either direction, and 
the car locked by closing a valve in the oil line between the 
eylinder and tank. The action is like a hydraulic elevator 
without pumps, the source of compressed air supplying the 
power. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, MARINE LEG—A vertical bucket elevator used for un- 
loading bulk material (generally grain) from vessels at a wharf, 
which is supported from the elevator structure in such a way 
that it can be adjusted vertically and horizontally at right 
angles to the wharf line in order to reach as much of the hold 
of the vessel as possible. It is similar to a dock leg elevator 
(see Elevator, Dock Leg) except that the chain sprockets are 
usually carried in a rigid frame and the leg is completely 
eased, instead of the lower sprockets and boot being simply hung 
by the exposed bucket chains. The discharge is over the head 
sprocket, through a spout to a storage bin, and to a _ horizontal 
conveyor or to another bucket elevator for delivery to its des- 
tination in the building. (RB. W.) 


ELEVATOR, (1) PNEUMATIC—An elevator which is operated by 
alr pressure on a piston moving in a cylinder, the cylinder and 
attachments being practically the same as in air cylinder hoists, 
which see, the car moves in guides, rests on stops at the bottom, 
and against similar stops at the top, which limit its travel. 
(R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, (2) PNEUMATIC—A spout or tube conveyor of free 
flowing materials such as hard grains, dried copra, ete., but 
especially wheat actuated by a pump creating a vacuum—air sue 
fi0n; shes. MG.) 


ELEVATOR, PATERNOSTER—For freight and passengers, operates 
on the principle of the Tray Elevator (which see) the cars carry 
one or two persons. The passenger steps into the car or off 
again as the cars pass the floor, the speed being slightly faster 
than an Escalator, which it resembles in that it is continuous 
motion and the passengers steps on and off. This type is used 
in many office buildings, in Europe, especially Hamburg, where 
the buildings are large and busy, but limited in height to six 
stories. The Paternoster gives continuous service without wait- 
ing, without operator and at low current consumption as all 
fixed loads are absolutely balanced. There are 20 to 24 ears 
on the chain which gives it the name—like prayer beads. The 
popular etomology is that you say your prayers before you get it. 
There have been several hundred running in Hamburg for years 
and accidents are practically unknown. (R.S. M.) 


ares 


ELEVATOR, PLUNGER—A hydraulic elevator having a ram or 
plunger directly attached to the under side of the car platform. 
(ANS. M. E. Code.) (CR. W.) 

ELEVATOR, SACK—An elevator especially adapted to handling sacks 
of grain, flour or similar articles. Sacks may be slid easily 
on smooth surfaces, and do not require smoothe level platforms 
for their transportation, but must not be torn or caught by 
projecting parts about the conveyor. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, SCREW—A machine like a screw conveyor, with the 
axis of the screw placed in a vertical direction and enclosed in 
pipe, and used for elevating material supplied to it at the 
bottom. As continuous feed must be arranged, intermediate 
bearings are omitted, and the pitch should be less than with 
horizontal conveyors. It will operate suceessfully on certain 
materials whose particles cling, like ground cork, cotton seed, 
etc. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, STEAM—An elevator in which the motion of the car is 
obtained by a steam engine directly applied to the elevator 
machinery. (A. 8S. M. E. Code.) The steam elevator is now 
obsolete except in so far as its operation is continued in a few 
old installations. The rope lifting the car was usually wound 
around a drum turned by a steam engine. However, the traction 
elevator principle also was applied to some extent on steam 
elevators. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, TRACTION—A type of electric elevator in which the 
car motion is obtained by means of adhesion between the driving 
sheave and the hoisting cable. There are two classes of trac- 
tion elevators known as the direct or gearless traction and the 
geared traction machine. Hither herringbone or worm-gear trae- 
tion machines may be constucted. All direct traction and _ her- 
ringbone geared elevators are for high speed ears, and are the 
only elevators giving satisfaction for high speed service. Worm- 
geared elevators are for medium speed car operation. The direct 
traction elevator operates with direct rather than a geared con- 
nection between the motor and driving sheave, the gearing 
being eliminated by the use of a specially designed very slow 
speed motor. (R. W.) 


ELEVATOR, TRAY—A continuous vertical elevator operated by one 
or more endless chains passing around sprockets at the top and 
bottom, and carrying wooden or metal trays rigidly attached 
to them, or suspended by pivots. (See Elevator, Tray, Sus- 
pended; Elevator, Tray, Three Chain.) 

An elevator in which the trays are rigidly attached to the 
chains will discharge its load in passing over the head wheels, 
unless it is removed by some special means like a contact dis- 
charge cam while ascending. If loaded on the aseending run, 
it will discharge at the bottom by tipping the trays downward 
as the chains start to pass around the foot wheels. If a fingered 
tray is used, it will discharge at any point in the discending 
run. (See Elevator, Fingered.) 

Also called a package elevator. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, TRAY, SUSPENDED—A package elevator consisting of 
a series of equally placed platforms or trays attached to two 
vertical endless strands of chain passing around sprockets at 
the top and bottom. The trays are suspended at each enc by 
rigid diagonal hangers meeting at a pivot attachment on the 
carrying chain; the tray thus naturally hangs level and remains 
so in passing around the head wheels. Trays are usually sym- 


metrically hung; occasionally they are suspended from points 
on opposite sides near diagonally opposite corners. Close hung 
trays will not interfere with a through-shaft at the head; trays 
hung a considerable distance below the pivot, as required for 
carrying large objects, will strike the head shaft, which must, 
therefore, be eliminated by driving the two sprockets, each over- 
hung on its own short shaft and carrying a large spur gear, by 
a transverse shaft with two pionions, placed below the sprockets 
and their spur gears. 

Solid bottom trays may be loaded or unloaded automatically 
or by hand, generally the latter. Fingered trays are usually 
arranged for automatic loading and discharge. 

Suspended trays may be carried on inclined or horizontal runs 
with equal facility. (See Carrier, Suspended Tray.) 

Also called a swinging tray elevator. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR, UNI-STRAND—A continuous vertical chain elevator con- 

sisting of a single strand of chain passing around sprockets at 
the top and bottom. Attached to the edge of this chain, and 
standing out perpendicular to the plane of the sprocket wheels, 
are rigid arms shaped to hold special packages or platforms for 
boxes or trays, fingered if desired. The platforms are attached 
to the lower ends of vertical links, and the pivoted point of 
attachment to the chain is a point at either the top or the 
middle of the vertical link. In the former case a roller on the 
lower end of the link runs in a guide parallel to the chain in 
such a way as to positively keep the arm vertical; in the latter, 
points at both top and bottom of the vertical link are thus 
guided. 
Loads are picked up on the upward run (unless placed by hand 
on the downward run) and pass around the head, unloading 
automatically on the descending run on fingered receiving plat- 
forms. The elevator is driven at the head by a geared motor. 
(R. W.) 

ELEVATOR CAR-LEVELLING DEVICE—A mechanism the purpose of 
which is to move the car automatically toward the landing level 
from either direction and to maintain the car platform at the 
landing level during loading or unloading. A levelling device, 
however, may also be used for the emergency operation of the 
Car.  TGAG 8. MCB: VOodery a) «5 WED 
See Mirecro Leveller. 


ELEVATOR CAR SLING, STIRRUP—The frame encireling an ele-. 


vator and supporting it, consisting of the upper cross-member 
to which the hoisting cables and guide shoes are usually at- 
tached; the car-posts or stiles; and the cross-members, which 
supports the car sills, platform and guide shoes. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR CASING—The housing or enclosure within which a bucket 
elevator operates. Casings are made of wood or steel, combined 
with cast iron or steel boots and head casings. When the two 
lines of buckets are cased separately, it is known as a double 
leg casing, and sometimes round; otherwise it is single leg, and 
is always rectangular in cross. section. The casing is often 
omitted and the head and wheels held in position by framing. 
Also ealled trunking and legging. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR CLEARANCE—At the top of the hoistway is the vertical 
distance between the lowest point of the superstructure and the 
highest point of the car enclosure or crosshead when the ear is 
at the limit of the over-travel at the top. Clearance at the bottom 
of the hoistway is the vertical distance between the floor of the 


ene 


pit and the lowest point on the understructure of the car sling, 
exclusive of the safeties, guide brackets or shoes, when the 
ear is resting on the bumpers or buffers fully compressed. 
(A. S. M. E. Code.) (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR HOISTWAY—Any shaftway, hatchway, well hole or 
vertical opening or space, in which an elevator or dumbwaiter 
travels. The hoistway may or may not be enclosed. (A.S. M. E. 
Code.) If all four sides of the hoistwayv have to be left open 
for removal of load the counterweight must run in a separate 
shart. (CRi.W,) 

ELEVATOR MACHINE—Defined by (A.S. M. E. Code) as the machinery 
and its equipment used in raising and lowering the elevator 
car, (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR SAFETY GOVERNOR—A flyball governor usually lo- 
eated at the top of the hoistway and acting by centrifugal force 
to control the elevator speed when it exceeds 1 certain amount. 
Two freely revolving flyballs are raised by excessive speed and 
actuate a cam by means of a link. The latter short circuits 
a portion of the motor field resistance thereby increasing the 
field strength and decreasing the motor speed. <A furthed up- 
ward motion of the governor balls brings a second cam into 
action and the latter trips an eccentric operated by two eoil 
springs. The eccentric grips an endless loose cable, which 
passes the length of the shaftway, and connects with dogs under- 
neath the car, the dogs being set and power shut off by the 
gripping and moving of the loose cable relative to the car. The 
dogs can be set in most elevators also by the use of a hand 
wheel in the car. (R. W.) 

ELEVATOR SLACK CABLE SWITCH—A switch ordinarily located 
at the bottom side of the opening provided for the passage of 
an elevator hoisting cable from the motor room to the head 
frame, and actuated by a sagging of the cable in case of any 
slackness. Also a similar switch placed at the point of attach- 
ment of the hoisting cable to the car. (R. W.) 

EMBARGO-—-The Government Order under which ships are detained 
in port or excluded froma port. Frequently resorted to in time 
of war, or to prevent undesirable cargoes from being imported 
from abroad, as in the case of diseased animals. (J. Steph.) 

ENFACED PAPER—A term given to the promissory notes of the 
Indian Government (known in the market as ‘‘Rupee Paper’’) 
when they bear a notification that the interest upon them can 
be collected by presenting the notes at the Bank of England. 
(J. Steph.) 

ENGINE—A machine for transforming the potential energy of a fluid 
under pressure, or containing available heat, into mechanical work 
either by rotating a shaft, or by exerting a push or pull, or 
both, alternately, against a_ resistance. Originally meaning 
almost any cleverly contrived machine (as engines of war) the 
term is becoming more and more restricted in its technical usage, 
with a tendency toward its reservation for prime movers of a 
definite type. A reciprocating engine is usually meant, if no 
qualifying term is used. (See Engine, Rotating; Engine, Rota- 
tion; Engine, Oscilating; Engine, Reciprocating.) (R. W.) 

ENGINE, GAS—An internal combustion engine using as a fuel a gas 
like natural gas, city gas, producer gas, blast furnace gas, by- 
product coke oven gas, etc. It may be vertical in small and 
medium sizes, but large ones are always horizontal. Vertical 
engines have on cylinder or two or more in a row; hoirzontal 


sesh UT 


engines, if more than one cylinder, usually have two cylinders 
in line, or tandem, and four cylinders in a double or duplex 
tandem arrangement. (R. W.) 

ENGINE, GASOLINE—An internal combustion engine using gasoline 

: as a fuel. Two types are in general use; the automobile type, 
having two or four vertical single acting cylinders, two stroke 
or four stroke cycle, usually water cooled by means of a eircul- 
lating system with pump and radiator, and with jump spark 
ignition; the stationary type, having a one horizontal single 
acting cylinder, two stroke or four stroke cycle, water cooled 
by means of an open water jacket surrounding the cylinder, 
in which the water vaporizes, with jump spark or make and 
break ignition. (R. W.) 

ENGINE, OSCILLATING—A reciprocating engine in which the cylinder 
swings on trunnions, the piston rod being directly attached to the 
crank pin, eliminating the connecting rod. Used in some types 
of small air motors for hoist operation. (R. W.) 

ENGINE, RECIPROCATING—An engine in which a piston moves back 
and forth in a cylinder, transforming the energy of a fluid under 
pressure into mechanical work. (R.W.) - 

ENGINE, ROTARY—An engine generally using steam or air, in which 
the fluid under pressure is delivered to internal spaces which 
gradually enlarge to a maximum and then reduce to a small 
volume, due generally to the eccentric rotation of two of its 
parts. The fluid is admitted, expanded to the maximum volume 
and exhausted during the cycle, which may be a half or a whole 
revolution. All the principal parts of the engine rotate, and 
there is no reciprocation. (R. W.) . 

ENGINE, ROTATING—An engine in which the various parts have the 
same motion relative to each other as in an ordinary reciprocating 
engine, but in which the crank is made fast and the frame carry- 
ing the cylinder rotates and delivers the power to the driven 
shaft, this being an inversion of the usual arrangement where 
the cylinder and frame are fixed and the crank shaft revolves. 
At least three cylinders are used, in order to obtain good balance, 
and they are usually mounted in a cireular frame. 

These engines are steam, air or internal combustion driven and 
have certain advantages in the way of smooth running, high 
speed and light weight. (R. W.) 

ENTREPOT—A warehouse used in transhipment trade. The goods 
remain in the warehouse until their journey is resumed. (J. Steph.) 

ENTRY—At port of arrival of a foreign vessel or a vessel of the 
United States (1) from a foreign port of place; (a) from a 
domestic port carrying bonded merchandise or foreign merchandise 
for which entry has not been made at any port or any harbor 
or bay. The master shall report the arrival of the vessel at 
the Custom House. (U.S.S. B.) 


ENTRY, PRELIMINARY—Master of a vessel required to make entry 
at the customhouse will make a preliminary entry by making oath . 
to truth of the statement of the vessel’s manifest and delivering 
manifest to the customs officer who boards the vessel. (U.S.S. B.) 


ENTRY OF AMERICAN VESSELS—The master of a vessel of the 
United States arriving in the United States from a foreign 
port or place, shall within forty-eight hours after its ar- 
rival make formal entry of the vessel at the custom house by pro- 
ducing and depositing with the collector, (1) the vessels crew 
list, (a) is register or document in lieu thereof, (3) the 
clearance and bills of health, issued to the vessel at the for- 


po gee 


eign port or ports from which it arrived, and (4) the original 
and ‘one copy of the manifest; and (b) shall make oath (1) 
that the ownership of the vessel is as indicated, (2) that the 
manifest was made out in accordance with the provisions, and 
in addition, shall deposit with the collector the health certificate 
at the port of entry, certificate of consular services and docu- 
ments required by vessels carrying passengers. (U.S. S. B.) 

ENTRY OF FOREIGN VESSELS—The master of a foreign vessel ar- 
riving within the limits of the customs collection district shall 
within the forty-eight hours thereafter make entry as above 
for vessels of the United States. (U.S. S. B.) 

ESCALATOR—A moving apron type of elevator-conveyor set at an 
inclination corresponding to that of ordinary stairways, and used 
for conveying persons or freight up or down. Two types are in 
use, the cleat, and the step. The former is simply an inclined 
apron elevator with its surface covered with parallel cleats point- 
ing along the run, and with tops, sloped so as to resemble a 
miniature step. These cleats pass between the prongs of a comb 
at bottom and top, picking up and discharging the passenger or 
other load almost automatically. 

The step type acts like a moving platform on the horizontal see- 
tions at the top and bottom, but breaks into steps as it ap- 
proaches the slope in a vertical curve. Each step is carried by 
two rollers at each end, those on the rear side running on rails 
inside the front ones. On the incline the inside rails are set 
far enough back of the outer ones to hold the step level. The 
steps are all connected to chains passing around sprockets at 
the top and bottom, and the drive is usually at the head. 
Escalators may be made reversible; if two are placed side by 
side, one running up and one down, it is called a double arrange- 
ment; if the two always run in the same direction, it is termed 
a doukle file escalator... (R. W.) 

EROSION—Where the force of the current, that is, its sedimentary 
transporting, power is in excess of the load of sediment being 
carried the current washes out or erodes more material and ear- 


ries it away; such as scouring out banks, wharf foundations, ete. 
(R.S. M.) 


EROSION, Base Level Of—The lowest level to which a river can 
erode its bed is called the base level. The sedimentary trans- 
porting power is at its maximum or has reached equilibrium. 


(Shank.) 


ESPARTO—A species of grasses found in various countries bordering 
the Mediterranean, long been used for the manufacture of carpets, 
baskets, ropes, nets, ete. Chiefly used now in paper-making. 
Great Britain largely imports from Algiers. (J. Steph.) 

EXCAVATOR, TRENCH—An excavating machine designed especially 
for digging vertical wall trenches for laying lines of piping, 
sewers, etc. The usual arrangement involves a chain bucket 
or ladder digging. arrangement mounted at the rear of a truck 
on wheels or a tracklaying truck, a belt conveyor for conveying 
the dirt from the bucket dumping point at the top of the ladder 
to the spoil bank at the side, and a boiler and engine for driv- 
ing the machinery and moving the whole exeavator slowly along 
the trench. The ladder usually slopes downward to the rear, 
the buckets serape the dirt off the end of the cut on the way 
up, and dump as they pass over the top sprockets which also does 
the driving. Side cutters are attached directly to the chains. 
The. width of the trench may be altered by changing the buckets 


for others of a different length and the machine cuts the full 
width and depth (which can be varied)—at one cut. The ladder 
may be swung up horizontally when the excavator is to be 
moved to a new location. It begins the trench by digging as 
it is swung down. The belt conveyor can be arranged to deliver 
the spoil to either side and to any height within the capacity of 
the machine. (R. W.) 

EXPANSION JOINT—A joint or connection which permits expansion 
due to heat or other causes. In piping expansion joints are of 
the sliding or telescoping type, of the flexible bend type, or of 
the corrugated cylinder or diaphragm type. Expansion in rails 
is allowed for by leaving open spaces between the rail ends, 
though less attention is paid to this than formerly, and the rails 
are even welded together continuously for long sections. Build- 
ings, bridges, concrete structures, pavements, long crane runways, | 
ete., are provided with means of taking care of expansion. (R. W.) 


EYE—A hole through a pin, bolt, etc., or a metal piece or rope looped 
so as to form an opening through which something can _ pass, 
as a hook or rope. (R. W.) 


EYE BAR—A long bar having an eye in each enl, like the tension 
members of some bridge structures. (R. W.) 


F 


FACTOR OF SAFETY—A quantity which, if multiplied by the work- 
ing stress in a part under load, will give a quantity equivalent 
to the ultimate strength of the material of the, part. This is 
the nominal or so-called apparent factor of safety, and to say 
that a factor of safety is four does not mean that the part 
can be subjected to four times the working load before rupture. 
The real factor of safety, involves allowances for the following: 
The kind of loading as steady or dead, variably or reversing; the 
elastic limit of the material; the method of applying the load— 
gradually, suddenly, or with shock; and for ignorance as to 
the internal condition of the material—its defects, ete. In any 
material having an elastic limit, the actual factor of safety will 
be less than the nominal in proportion to the ratio of the elastic 
limit to the ultimate strength. (R. W.) . 


FAIR CAIRN JIB CRANE—See Crane, Girder Frame Jib. 


FAIRLEADS—Fittings used to guide rope or chain so that it is de- 
livered ‘‘fairly’’ or in the plane of the receiving sheave or drum. 
They may be drums, guide sheaves, or rollers, or merely smooth 
eyes or guides over which the rope or chain ean slide easily. 
(R. W.) 

FAIR-LEADER—A guide or guard for loading rope or chain properly 
onto a sheave or drum, usually consisting of a smooth rounded 
opening in a metal plate. Where much wear is expected it is 
renewable. Another type often used with grab buckets consists 
of a guide sheave, with two rollers located on opposite sides of 
the rope close to the point of contact with the sheave. A third 
roller is placed across the plane of the sheave, thus completely 
enclosing the rope in four rolling surfaces so that it cannot 
chafe. Two sheaves and two rollers, with their axis at right 
angles, are also used. Also called a four-way rope guard. (R. W.) 


FALL—A rope used in handling the draft. 
Burton or burton fall—In discharging the fall which carries the 
draft athwart ships and lowers the draft onto the wharf. 


Ages 


Up-and-down fall—The fall which raises and lowers the draft 
in the hateh opening. 

Midship fall—The up-and-down fall. 

Rapid transit fall—The third fall used in the method of dis- 
charging called the ‘‘rapid transit’’ to give greater speed to the 
burton movement. 

Extra fall—The rapid transit fall, also called the trolley fall. 
Hurry up—The rapid transit fall. (Br. R.S.M.) 

FATHOM—A nautical measure equal to six feet, used in measuring 
depth of water at sea—harbor depths being measured in feet— 
and in measuring anchor chains and also sounding lead ropes 
or lines. (R. 5S. M.) 

FERRULE—A short cylindrical tube fitted on the end of another tube 
or evlinder of steel, wood, ete., to reinforce it to or prevent undue 
wear. Ferrules are often combined with caps or dises covering 
the ends of the part in question, and occasionally have an axially 
or radially projecting flange. A good example of the latter is 
in the type of roller conveyors for handling brick. (R. W.) 


FINAL DIAMETER—(Of a ship when turning) is the diameter of the 
ciréular path which the ship traverses if the helm is kept over. 
When the path becomes a circle it can be measured between any 
two opposite points. The Mauretania possesses a diameter of 
turning circle of 950 yards or about 3.7x her length, steaming 
23 knots. (Shank.) 


FINES—The name given to the finer material in screening operations, 
especially to the smallest of the material which passes through 
a given mesh or perforation mixed with other sizes up to the 
maximum allowed by the openings of the screen. (R. W.) 


FISH-BELLIED—The term applied to a beam when the depth is de- 
ereased toward the ends in order to approximate a beam of 
uniform strength. The top of the beam is usually straight and 
horizontal, the lower outline curves upward toward the ends, the 
shape being approximately that of a parabola with the axis 
vertical. (R. W.) 

FLANGE—(1) The turned edge of a rolled structural shape. (2) A 
eircular plate with thickened hub around a hole in the _ eenter, 
used for coupling pipes or shafts. (3) Also the flat rim around 
an opening in a casting, for attaching another part or a cover, 
as a cylinder flange. (R. W.) 

FLEET—A term applied to the passing of a rope through a machine 
or around a sheave, as opposed to fastening or dead-ending it. A 
rope fleets through a grab bucket when the latter is suspended 
in the bight of the rope, it is dead-ended in it when it is made 
fast to some part of the bucket. (R. W.) 


FLIGHT—(1) The part of a flight conveyor which comes in contact 
with the material or package conveyed, moving it by reason of 
its connection with the conveyor, chains or eable. (2) Also, the 
helical portion of a screw as used in a serew conveyor, com- 
prising one complete turn. (3) Also, a succession of steps on 
which persons may ascend or descend, as a flight of stairs. 
(R.W.). 

FLOAT—A floating platform or shallow scow-shaped boat with a 
deck, used as a landing platform. Also, such a eraft used 
around shipping for miscellaneous work purposes, such as paint- 
ing. (See also Float, Car.) (See also carfloat.) (R. W.) 


FLOATAGE—The operation of moving railroad ears on a_ earfloat. 
(i. ee Mz) 


pes? lg ee 


FLOATATION, LOSS OF—A ship navigated in shallow water looses — 


buoyancy due to a limited water area, it suffers a loss of 
water support due to the limitation of the channel. The pas- 


sage of a ship through a narrow canal lowers the water level 


and lowering her keel 40 to 50 centimeters at 10 gilometers 
speed, and 93 centimers at 15 kilometers speed. (Shank. R. 8..M.) 


FLOATING BRIDGE—See Bridge. 


FLOW DIAGRAM—A diagrammatic representation of the paths taken 
by a meterial and its various sub-divisions as it passes through 
a plant in which continuous operations are performed on it. 
Flow diagrams are often made out for crushing, sereening and 
washing plants, cement plants, brick plants, ete. (R. W.) 


FOG SIGNAL—See Diaphone. 


FOOT BLOCK—The platform or passageway arranged to allow the 

passage of people walking. In overhead crane structures foot- 
ways are placed where needed on the bridge to provide ac- 
eessibility of the machinery. Footways are also often arranged 
along conveyor runways which would otherwise be inaccessible, 
as on bridges over yards or streets, or in tunnels. 
In some types of overhead crane having load ropes both inside 
and outside the bridge girders, footways on the bridge are im- 
possible, and access to the bridge for care and repairs is had 
by running it to a permanent platform built at one end of the 
runway. (R..W.) 


FORE AND AFTERS—The transoms. of. the hatchway running fore 
And: ib or.) 
Also termed strong backs. (R. S. M.) 


FRESH WATER—Supplied to vessels by Ship Chandlers, from wharf 
pipe lines or tank barges, at cts per 1000 gals. Some 
wharves or ports render this service at cost as an inducement. 
Rates vary from 50c¢ to $2.00 per 1000 gallons—or 35¢ to 75¢ 
per short ton—barged. (Charleston prices.) (R. 8. M.) 


FRICTION GRAR—Any gear which runs loose on its shaft, but which 
may be made to turn with it by a friction clutch connecting 
the two when properly engaged. (One part of the clutch is car- 
ried by the gear, and the other by a hub keyed to the shaft. 
(R. W.) 


FROG, MONORAIL—A cast or forged piece connecting two monorail 


runways to a third in such a way that the trolley may be run. 


from either of the two onto the third, or reverse. A steering 
device must be used on approaching the frog on the single run- 
way to force the trolley to run as desired. (See also Switch, 
Monorail.) (R. W.) 


FRUIT BOX—A wooden box attached to the fall in which small 
boxes or packages are placed for loading and discharging. It 
is sometimes called an ‘‘ambulance’’ because it is used to take 
injured men ashore. (Br.) 

FUMIGATION—The disinfecting of ships by filling them with hy- 
perogen-cyanide or prussiac acid gas. This fumigation is 
primarily to extinguish rats, mice, insects, iice, fleas, bugs, ete. 
It does not disinfect the plague bacillus but kills the rats that are 
the carriers. (Shank. R.S.M.) 


FUMIGATION CHARGES—The fee charged by the U. 8S. Public 
Health Service to fumigate a vessel. (R. 8S. M.) 


~) 


G 


GAFF—The name given to a horizontal spar lashed to a mast and 
used aS a crane—mast and gaff. (Br.) 

GAGE—A standard of measure; an instrument for measuring height, 
pressure, form, dimensions, ete., as pressure gage, water level 
gage, wire gage, plug and ring gage, thread gage, track gage. 
(CR. W.) : 

GAGE, TRACK—The distance between the inside of the rail heads 
of a railroad. The standard gage is 4 ft. 844 in. Narrow gages 
ery from’ 2°30, Gane tote it. Goin. Lt. 0. in. being.common, 
also 1 meter gage in Europe. Broad gages are used for’ special 
machines, travelling cranes, transfer tables, etc. (R. W.) 

GANTRY—A structure that spans, bridges or hanks over—to gant 
means to hang over. (R. S. M.) 

GANTRY, CANTILEVER—A gantry in which the bridge is _ con- 

tinued into an overhanging portion beyond the A-frame sup- 
port on one end (single cantilever) or on both ends (double 
cantilever). The cantilever ends may be short as compared 
with the span of the bridge, or may be very long in which case 
it is sometimes called a shipyard gantry, from its usefulness in 
ship construction. The cantilever ends are often unequal in 
length. The end frames must be open if the load picked up 
on the cantilever ends are to be run. inside; to secure the neces- 
sary stiffness, the two sides of the A-frame are then run up 
and tied together at the top, high enough to clear the trolley. 
In many cases the range of trolley travel is -entirely outside 
the supports, which are then relatively close together and are 
braced to each other, giving a tower with a gantry base. 
In some shipyards where side launching is practiced, the gantry 
eranes run on three lines of. supports ordinarily, removed dur- 
ing the launching period, and the span is thus temporarily con- 
verted into a cantilever. (R. W.) 

GANTRY, CANTILEVER BRIDGE—(See also Gantry, Cantilever.) A 
term sometimes applied to a cantilever gantry crane, especially 
one in which the bridge span and cantilevers are very long, 
and are of trussed construction like ordinary bridges. They are 
used where very large areas must be seved, but where the cus- 
tomary load is comparatively light, as in coal and ore handling 
and storage. (Also called Ore Bridge. See also Crane Bridge 
Storage.) (R. W.) 

GANTRY, FIXED—A gantry which is fixed in location. When sup- 
plied with a trolley on the bridge and a hoist, it is often 
called a transfer crane, and is much used for transferring loads 
between cars and trucks in freight yards. (Also called Trans- 
fer Gantry, Railroad Crane.) (R. W.) 

GANTRY, FLOATING—A double cantilever gantry crane of large 
capacity and high lift, installed on a barge or pontoon. The 
gantry bridge is supported on four or more braced legs along 
the sides of the pontoon, and the cantilever extensions at the 
two opposite ends allow a load to be raised from a dock or ship, 
moved inward, and deposited on the deck of the barge. The 
operation is reversed to lower a heavy weight into a ship. 
The free deck of this type of floating crane is a great ad- 
vantage for storage purposes, but owing to the limitation of the 
trolley to straight line motion only, the crane must be warped 
along the side of the vessel or dock to properly locate the 
load, and this is often a disadvantage. (See also Crane, Float- 
ing.) (R. 'W.) 


Ay ee 


GANTRY, FOLDING JIB—A travelling cantilever gantry with one 
(or both) of its cantilevers hinged close to the inner end so 
that it may be raised into a vertical position and leave the 
space alongside the crane absolutely clear. This enables the 
crane to be run past an existing structure, which would other- 
wise block it, or, if used alongside a dock as a cargo or fitting- 
out crane, allows the ship to be warped into position without 
the interference that would exist between the fixed cantilever 
arm and the stacks or rigging of the vessel. (R. W.) 


GANTRY, FULL OR FULL PORTAL—An ordinary travelling gantry 
with two legs of equal length, so called to distinguish it from 
a semi-portal gantry. (See Gantry.) (R. W.) 


GANTRY, ROTARY JIB—A gantry crane carrying a jib which may 
be rotated about a vertical axis. The jib, which is fixed in 
inclination, and is generally horizontal, may or may not carry 
a trolley. In some cases the turntable on which the jib is 
mounted is itself on a carriage travelling on rails along the 
gantry bridge. (R. W.) 

GANTRY, ROTARY TOWER—A tower gantry in which the load- 
carrying element may be rotated about the vertical. (See Gan- 
try, Tower.) (R. W.) 


GANTRY, SEMI-PORTAL—If one of the two runways of a travelling 
gantry is elevated close to the bridge, so that the usual A-frame 
support on.that end is missing, it is called semi-portal, single A, one 
leg, half arch or half gantry. This construction is generally 
advantageous when a building wall or other existing structure 
ean be utilized at one end to support the elevated runway, as 
it saves much space on a wharf apron. 

Various forms of handling gear: are used on semi-portal gan- 
tries, the most usual being the ordinary rotary pillar crane with 
geared drum winch, either fixed in position on the bridge, or 
on a wheeled trolley, the latter being the more common. (RK. W.) 


GANTRY, SHIPYARD—(See Crane, Shipyard.) Cantilever Gantries 
in shipyards generally travel on elevated runways; tower gan- 
tries on widely spaced rails on the ground. (R. W.) 


GANTRY, TOWER—A erane which is mounted on a towerlike strue- 
ture with a gantry base, the tower being used in order to obtain 
a high lift, and the gantry base in order to allow a track to 
pass beneath it to bring material to it. (R. W.) 


GANTRY, TRAVELLING—A gantry which is capable of self-propul- 
sion along rails. To allow for inequalities of the track, a thre- 
point support of the bridge is sometimes used, and a pivot con- 
nection between the bridge and one of the supporting towers 
prevents distortion in case one end of the bridge gets ahead 
of the other. (See also Gantry.) (R. W.) 


GANTRY, ROTARY BRIDGE—A gantry crane in which one leg is 
fixed in a position or pivoted so as to rotate about a vertical 
axis, while the other leg travels on a rail at the circumference 
of a cirele of which the length of the bridge is the radius. A 
trolley on the bridge enables any part of the cirele to be reached. 
Used for storage work. (R. W.) 

GANTRY BASE—A base formed like a gantry or with a cross struc- 
ture supported by legs or frames at the ends. This term is 
used in connection with elevated or.tower travelling eranes, 
etc., in which the structure usually spans tracks on which cars 
are used to transport the material to the crane. (R. W.) 


ee pas 


GASKET—A ring or sheet of packing material by which a flanged 
or faced joint is made water, steam, air or oil tight. The ma- 
terials used are rubber, canvass, asbestos, paper, white lead, 
copper, ete. (R. W.) 

GATE, CONCRETE—A gate used for controlling the flow of concrete 
from hoppers, spouts, ete. Both the sliding and quadrant forms 
are used, with the especial requirement that they should be grout- 
tight. (R. W.) 

GATE, CLAM-SHELL—A duplex quadrant gate. (See Gate Qua- 
drant.)- (R. W.) 

GATE, CONVEYOR TROUGH—A gate for controlling the discharge 
from the bottom of a trough in which a screw or a drag con- 
veyor operates. The most common form is a plain flat sliding 
gate, moving transversely or longitudinally with respect to the 
trough, in guides formed in a casting bolted to the bottom of 
the trough and operated by a hand lever or some form of 
gearing. If it is important to have the cylindrical form of the 
bottom of a serew conveyor trough maintained throughout, the 
gate may be curved to fit it, and slid longitudinally. (R. W.) 

GATE, FLAP—A swinging gate located between two bottom openings 
in a two-way hopper, to allow the discharge to be directed 
through either at pleasure. Flap gates are similarly used at 
Y-branches in spouts, and at discharge openings in the bottom 
of chutes. (R. W.) 

GATE, QUADRANT; CYLINDRICAL—A gate used for controlling the 

flow of loose material in a chute or spout, or the discharge from 
a hopper or bin, and consisting of a hollow partial cylindrical 
portion which cuts into the material edgewise along the diameter 
and forms the gate proper (also ealled leaf or spade.) This is 
supported by circular sectors cast with it at each end and 
mounted on pivot or on a through shaft which is generally lo- 
eated at the center of cylinder curvature. 
For flow in inclined chutes, the quadrant gate may be so placed 
that when closed, it will hold back the material in contaet with 
the inside or with the outside of the cylindrical portion. | It 
may also be arranged to cut downward into the stream of ma- 
terial, called an over-cut gate, or may come up from beneath 
the stream, called an undercut gate. (R. W.) 


GATE, RACK AND PINION—A sliding gate which is operated by 
turning a handwheel on a shaft with one or two pinions which 
engage with a corresponding number of racks attached to the 
gate or to an extension of the gate. (R. W.) 


GATE SLIDING—A form of gate in which a flat plate (sometimes 
braced or ribbed for stiffness) slides edgewise in guides to con- 
trol the flow of fluids in a channel, by reducing or cutting off 
the area for flow. Such gates may be easily made water tight, 
and are much used for handling water flowing in channels for 
hydraulic power purposes. They are also used for controlling 
loose bulk material flowing from bins, hoppers or storage pockets, 
or from the troughs of screw, flight and drag conveyors. (R. W.) 

GATES, STORM—Of Docks pointing in the opposite direction than 
for impounding water in lock or dock. They are constructed 
to withstand periodical floods or unusually high tides. (Br. Cun.) 
R. S. M.) 

GATES WITH TWO LEAVES—Usual method of closing a dock, with 
two semetrical gates or leaves, each a little longer than half 
the total width of the dock entrance, meeting when closed on 
the center line in such a way as to afford each other mutual 


sae 


support by pointing against the pressure of the impounded water. 
(R.S. M.. Br. Cun.) 

GATE VALVE—A form of valve fitted in a pipe for conveying fluids, 
in which the opening is closed by the edgewise sliding of a part 
ealled the gate, moving in guides cast in the valve body. The 
gate proper is opened or closed by a stem passing out of the 
valve through a_ stuffing-box; the stem may be smooth, and 
operated by direct push or pull exerted by a lever, or it may 
be threaded through a nut, and operated by a hand wheel. (R. W.) 

GATTIE SYSTEM—A system ‘that has been proposed as a substitute 
for the numerous seattered and badly congested freight stations 
in London, comprising a combination of a large central terminal 
clearing house for incoming and outgoing freight, with a de- 
mountable body system for holding the freight, these bodies being 
transferred from motor truck to clearing house, clearing house 
to railway car, or car to car, as required. (R. W.) 

GAUNTREE—Obsolete spelling of gantry. (R. W.) 

GEAR—A comprehensive term including all the equipment involved in 
performing a certain operation, as Hoisting Gear, Coaling Gear, 
Cargo Handling Gear. (R. W.) 

GEARING—A mechanism used for transmitting motion from one ro- 
tating part, such as a shaft, to another similar part, by means of 
the rolling of a surface of cylindrical, conical or other more com- 
pleated form, attached to the first shaft, upon another surface 
mounted on the second shaft. The rolling ‘surface may be actual, 
as in friction gearing, or imaginary, or replaced by intermesh- 
ing teeth and spaces formed on bodies attached to each of the 
shafts, and shaped so as to produce a motion equivalent to that 
given by the rolling surfaces; the latter is termed toothed gear- 
ing. The teeth of gearing are said to mesh with each other 
CR. W.) 

GEARING, BEVEL—A form of gearing used to connect shafts whose 
center lines intersect, consisting of truncated cones in, contact 
along a common element and with their apexes located at the 
point or intersection of the shaft center lines. The most com- 
mon case is Where the shafts are at right angles. If the two 
gears are equal, they are called miter gears. If the shafts 
are not at right angles they are often called angle gears and if 
unequal, angle reduction gears. (R. W.) 

GEARING, FRICTION—Gearing in which motion is transmitted from 
one rotating part to another by means of the friction generated 
by pressing one against the other. For this service it is natural 
to choose materials which have a high coefficient of rubbing 
friction. These include paper, fibre, rubber, leather, wood, ete. 
One of the two parts, preferable the driven one, is made of 
cast iron, as it will not be so easily grooved if stalled by ex- 
a, load while the driving part contiues to rotate against it. 

GEARING, HELICAL—A type of toothed gearing used for connect- 
ing two shafts which do not intersect, and which have teeth 
that are helical in form, or twisted, relative to the elements of 
the pitch surface. They may be ‘of the bevel form, but are 
ordinarily cylindrical. The shafts may be parallel, at right 
angles, or at any intermediate center angle; in the first case, 
the action is much like that of ordinary spur gears, except that 
it is smoother. The ratios of the shaft speeds may be equal or 
unequal; the special case of the shafts at right angles and with 
a very large speed ratio, is generally termed worm gearing. 
(See Gearing, Worm.) 


ea, Apes 


GEARING, SPUR—The common form of gearing, used for connecting 
parallel shafts, and having teeth formed on the circumference 
of short cylinders rolling in contact with each other. It is the 
simplest form, can be made high in efficiency, and is widely 
used in hoisting machinery. (R. W.) 

GEARING, TRAIN OF—A combination of gears on several shafts, all 
meshing and having a definite relation between the speed of the 
driving and that of the driven gear, is usually termed a train. 
(R. W.) 

GEARING, WORM—A variety of helical gearing in which the non- 
intersecting shafts are at right angles and the angular velocity 
ratio is very large, resulting in one of the wheels having very 
few teeth, usually from one to four, and resembling a screw 
with as many threads, and the other wheel having a considerable 
number of teeth cut at a slight angle. The velocity ratio, or 
speed reduction, is equal to the ratio of the number of teeth on 
the wheel to the threads on the worm. The lead of the worm is 
the linear distance through which it turns the circumference 
of the wheel when the worm makes one complete rotation; its 
pitch is the distance from one worm tooth to the next, and 
is equal to the lead only when the worm is single-threaded. As 
the wear is heaviest on the worm, it is usually made of steel 
and the wheel of cast iron or bronze. Both are mounted in a 
case or housing containing a supply of lubricant, and provided 
with bearings for the shafts so that the worm and wheel will 
be held in the proper relative location, and with a thrust bear- 
ing to receive the end thrust of the worm. LEHlevator machine 
is a common example. (R. W.) 


GEARS, INTERLOCKED—In hoisting machinery when two drums 
driven by separate motors are used to lift the same load by 
load lines attached to it at different points, the gearing must 
be interconnected in such a way as to prevent unequal raising 
or lowering, and consequent tipping; this is called interlocking 
gearing. (See Crane, Ladle.) (R. W.) 


GIRDER, BRACED—A structural steel beam made up of plates and 
shapes, with continuous members running for the whole span 
along the top and bottom, these being connected at the ends, 
and at frequent intervals between, by diagonal or vertical struts 
or bars, or by both diagonals and verticals. The continuous 
members are made up of channels, angles or strips of plate, 
single, in duplicate, or combination with each other; the upper 
member is called the top chord or (in beams supported at the 
ends) compression flange, the lower is called the lower chord 
or tension flange. The upper chord is horizontal, the lower 
horizontal or fishbellied, the latter being more costly, but lighter. 
A number of systems of bracing are used, the most usual for 
eranes being the Warren, Linville and Lattice: 

Braced construction is lighter than the plate or box girder 
type, but the labor cost to manufacture is higher. Weight saved 
in a crane bridge may, however, allow a saving in the runway 
girders. 

Braced girders are used in all bridge structures of large span 
and for supporting heavy loads, and for small spans and lighter 
loads where weights are important and the headroom is not re- 
stricted. (R. W.) 

GIRDER, DUPLEX—A double-braced girder consisting of two simple 
braced girders placed side by side but separated a small distance, 
and latticed together. This construction gives greater trans- 


ea Ply eo 


verse strength and stiffness than would be given by a plain 
braced girder of equal vertical strength. 
It is much used in girders of bridge cranes. (R. W.) 

GIRDER, PLATE—A structural steel beam made up of plate and angles 
arranged so that a transverse section of the beam is lke the 
letter I. This gives a beam of great vertical strength unless 
reinforced by a horizontal auxiliary girder, or braced to another 
duplicate girder. (See Girder, Box.) | 
Used for runways and bridges of overhead travelling cranes 
and in steel construction work generally. (R. W.) 

GIRT—The distance piece or separator which holds the two side frames 
of a crane trolley in their proper position. It supports the oper- 
ating machinery and also carries the upper block of the hoisting 
tackle and the equalizing sheave. The heavy load may cause 
deflection of a single girt with the resulting binding of bear- 
ings, so an extra girt is often supplied, called the load girt, which 
is attached at the ends to the side frames at points directly 
over the rails in such a way that its deflection cannot cause 
springing of the side frames. This girt carries the upper block; 
the usual girt, called the machinery girt, support the machinery 
—motors, brakes, ete. The load girt carries from one-half (in 
four-part reeving) to seven eights (in sixteen-part reeving) in 
large cranes) of the total load, the remainder being divided 
between the equalizing sheave and the drum. Occasionally two 
machinery girts and one load girt are used. Sometimes ealled 
lifting beam. (R. W.) 

GOLIATH—A popular name given to a type of large travelling gantry 
erane used for shipyard fitting out. (R. W.) 

GOOSENECK—(1) An iron fitting sometimes used for attaching the 
inner end of a derrick boom to the mast. A bar or pin is 
hinged to a piece rigidly attached to the end of the boom and 
this pin fits into a vertical socket in a part attached rigidly to 
the mast, thus permitting both change of inclination and slew- 
ing of the boom. 

(2) Also, a piece of pipe shaped like the letter S, or one with 
a return bend on the end. (R. W.) 

(3) A erane boom, lattice type usually bent forward at the end 
of the third quarter mark, to give greater outboard reach. 
(R. 8. M.) 

GRAPPLE—A device operating like a clamshell grab bucket, but hav- 
ing three or more prongs on each side instead of shells made of 
plate, and used for handling long objects either singly or in 
bulk, like logs, ties, pulpwood, ete., and for handling irregular 
objects like stumps, snags and large stones. For long objects 
the sides are usually open to allow the ends of the pieces to 
project, but for stone, etc., they may be closed by short prongs. 
(R. W.) 

GREASY WOOL—The wool or fleece of sheep when shorn and still 
unseoured. The majority of the Australian and Cape wool comes 
in a greasy condition. Considerable judgment has to be exer- 
cised by wool buyers, as the quantity of dirt in a particular con- 
signment varies considerable, and an error of even 1% in estima- 
tion the yield of wool would result in a bad bargain. (J. Steph.) 

GRIBBLE—See Limnoria Lignorum Rathke. 


GROUND TACKLE—Anchor and Chains. Formerly 120 fathoms 
chain for aech bower anchor was usual. Ground tackle now elas- 
sified on a ton-measurement bases—Lloyd’s Register begins with 
a minimum of 11-16 inches and 60 fathoms for each bower 


Palit Lyi 


anchor. The maximun, is 3 and 8-16 inches and 330 fathoms of chain 
or 165 fathoms for each bower, for vessels of the Leviathan, 
Majestic class. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

GUDGEON—(British)—An overhung or cantilever pin or shaft, like 
the crank pin of a side crank engine. 

In particular, the term often applied to the pivot pin at the 
top of a derrick mast. (R. W.) 

GUNNY BAGS—Sacks woven from the coarse fibre of the jute plant. 
The bags and sacking are largely exported from India to the 
United States, Australia, and Straits Settlements. The trade 
has developed considerably in recent years: the bags are mainly 
used for wool-packs, sacks for grain, seed, and salt. (J. Steph.) 

GUSSET PLATE—A bracket of steel plate for stiffening the connec- 
tion between two structural steel members meeting each other 
at an angle. In overhead travelling cranes, strong gusset plates 
are used to stiffen the connection between the bridge girders 
and thevenn struck... «(h. W.) 

A rope or other similar appliance used to steady something. A 
rope or chain used to steady a boom, mast, ete., and keep it 
from falling over or from swinging sideways. (See Guy, Der- 
rick.) . CRW.) 

GUY—(Verb)—To make fast or steady, e. g., to guy the booms. (Br.) 

GUY CAP—A eircular metal part to which the guys supporting a der- 
rick mast are attached. It fits on the gudgeon or mast top 
pivot as a bearing, and has openings around its periphery through 
which the ends of the guys may be passed, bent around on them- 
selves and secured by clips. (See Mast Top.) Also called Guy 
Spider. (R. W.) 

H 


HACK—A name applied to a kind of pallet used for holding a pile 
of brick during the process of manufacture, consisting of a solid 
or slat stop with two cross cleats beneath. (R. W.) 

HAGUE RULES—A codification. of varied provisions of the York 
Antwerp Rules and others brought forward by Mr. Hague. 

HANDBARROW—A rectangular flat bottom box, with the long sides 
extended at each end to make handles by which it may be 
lifted or carried. (R. W.) 

HANDLEATHER—A piece of leather fastened at the wrist and worn 
by winch men. (Br.) 

HAND-LINE—A small manila or hemp rope of convenient size to be 
coiled and one end being held, thrown to a distant point, gen- 
erally as a means of hauling a larger rope, chain, etc., across 
an open space. Also, a small line used for lowering or hoisting 
articles by hand. (R. W.) 

HAND OF BANANAS—A layer or growth of bananas around the 
stem. The term is used in the banana trade to designate the size 
of the bunch, so many hands. (R.S. M.) 

HANGAR—A building to shelter aeroplanes or dirigibles. (R.S. M.) 

HANGER—A platform or shelf on which bananas are tossed during 
the process of unloading. (Br.) 

HATCH—An opening in the vessel from the hold up. An all-over 
hateh is carried through all the decks; a blind hateh is not. 
( Br.) 

HAWSER—A large rope, either manila or wire, used on shipboard for 
towing, mooring, ete. (R. W.) 

HEADROOM—The distance underneath a strueture or obstruction, 
or between it and the ground, Clearance measured in a vertical 
direction. (R. W.) 


GUY 


= A 


HEALTH DUES—Fees paid to the Public Health Service for health 
inspection, fumigation and similar services. 

Fees paid a port physician for medical inspection, eouncil and 
minor medical service. This is a contractural arrangement be- 
tween the agent or owner and ‘‘port doctor.’’? (R. S. M.) 

HEEI—The inclination to one side of a floating vessel. Also the 
lower or inner end of a spar, boom or strut. (See Boom Heel.) 
SUN: 

eel ae traced by a point which moves around a fixed line 
at a contant distance from it, and at the same time progresses 
along the line, like the thread on a bolt. (R. W.) 

HENNEBIQUE SYSTEM—Of reenforeed concrete slabs differing from 
the Monier system in that the bars of the network are larger, 
spaced farther and set obliquely. (R.S.M. Br. Cun.) 

HITCH—Any one of a variety of methods of attaching a rope to an 
object, to another rope or to another portion of itself, in such 
a manner that it can be easily detached. (R. W.) 

HOIST—A mechanism or machine whose function it is to elevate or 

raise heavy objects, generally by means of tackle or gear hang- 
ing from above, and often including such tackle or gear, The 
load usually hangs free; when a guided platform carries it the 
term elevator is used (see elevator), but this rule has exceptions 
(see Hoist, Mine.) The mechanism is usually arranged to give 
a reduction of speed and increase of force between the source 
of power and the point of lifting, but this may be reversed, as 
in air cylinder hoists. Most true hoists are self-contained or 
complete in themselves, as chain hoists, pneumatic hoists, block- 
and-tackle, and some electric hoists; other so-called hoists are 
simply winding machines requiring combination with other 
machines and fittings before hoisting can be accomplished. The 
term is frequently incorrectly used to designate a winch or any 
geared machine which can exert a pull by winding rope on a 
drum. This is correct only in case it is mounted in an elevated 
position relative to the load, or with the load pendent from it. 
When it is located on the ground and used for hoisting purposes 
by leading the rope to an elevated sheave, it is better called 
a hoisting winch, 
The different kinds of hoists are distinguished by terms desig- 
nating (a) the power used, as for example, hand, electric, air; 
(b) the kind of gearing used, as chain, other apparatus as trolley, 
twin, built-in, independent. The hoists of most overhead travelling 
cranes and of many gantry and jib cranes are built into the trolley. 
(RaW) 

HOIST, EPICYCLIC—See Hoist, Planetary. (R. W.) 

HOIST, PLANETARY GHARED—A hoist in which a train of plane- 
tary of epicyclic spur gearing is used to obtain a large velocity 
ration between the points of application of power or hand pull, 
and of the load. Such hoists are made for both hand and power 
drive, the latter usually being by an electric motor. The gear- 
ing is arranged in various manner; two examples will be given. 
In one a hand chain passing over a chain sheave rotates a pinion. 
Equally spaced around the circumference of this pinion, meshing 
with it and carried in a frame which ecan rotate independently 
of the shaft mentioned, are two or three intermediate gears each 
having fast to its side and concentric with it a smaller gear 
which meshes with an annular gear fast to the casing. The 
frame carrying these intermediate gears is rigidly connected to 
a sleeve surrounding the shaft of the hand chain sheave, and 
fast on this sleeve is the load sheave, over which the load 


+h 


chain is passed. Rotation of the hand chain shaft pinion forces 
the intermediate gears to turn, and on account of these meshing 
with the annular gear they are forced to roll around inside it, 
carrying with them the frame and the load sheave. A large 
angular velocity ratio of the hand to load shafts can be obtained 
with very few shafts and gears; consequently the efficiency is 
high, and a load brake must be included to prevent involuntary 
lowering. (See Brake, Load.) This is sometimes called a triplex 
hoist. 

In another hoist, also hand operated, the turning of the hand 
chain wheel rotates a pair of small eccentrics through a spur 
gear and two pinions. These rotate in circular openings in a 
frame on which is mounted an annular gear, giving it a gyratory 
motion, or a motion of circular translation. The annular gear 
is always in mesh with a spur gear to the shaft of which the 
load sheave is fastened, and each gyration of the annular gear 
causes the gear to rotate by an amount equal to the difference 
in the numbers of teeth in the annular and gear. (R. W.) 

HOIST, PORTABLE—A hoist which may be moved from place to place 
and be hung on a support for lifting operations, as distinguished 
from one which is built into a crane or other structure. (R. W.) 

HOIST, TWIN—An arrangement.of two hoists on one trolley which 
can be simultaneously operated to lift long objects. The arrange- 
ment can be applied to bridge crane trolleys, or to monorail 
trolleys having two trucks connected by swivels to a_ single 
frame. (Also called Dual Hoist.) (R. W.) 

HOLD-HOOK—A name sometimes applied to a hook attached to the 
bottom of a erane trolley, to which a load can be transferred 
from the lifting hook when desired. It is a regular part of the 
equipment for some types of single-rope grab buckets, for hold- 
ing the bucket while it is being opened by slackening the elos- 
ing line. (R. W.) 

HOLDING GROUND—The nature of the bottom with respect to the 
firmness with which the anchor lays hold of the ground to hold 
the vessel in one place and not drag its anchor. (R.S. M.) 

HOOK—Slang for anchor, i. e., ‘‘drop the hook’’, to anchor. (R.S. M.) 

' HOOK, THE—A forged steel hook at the end of a hoisting rope, (fall, 
whip) to engage the rove of the draft. (R.S.M.) 

HOOK, SAFETY—A hook having a piece hinged to swing down and 
lock over the point and prevent the slings from slipping off. 
This piece may also be locked in the open position. (R. W.) 


HOOK, SPLIT GIRDER—A hook specially designed for lifting steel 
girders having stiffners. It consists of two hooks with split 
points, having an iron ring passing through their eyes. The split 
points set over the stiffeners on opposite sides of the girder. 
(R. W.) 

HOOK, SWIVELING—A hook arranged with a shank which can turn 
in a bearing, the load being carried on a plain collar formed on 
the shank, or by ball or roller bearings interposed between the 
collar and the yoke. (R. W.) 

HOOK, TRIP—A type of hook used where it is necessary to drop the 
load suddenly as in breaking castings, ete. The lower part of 
the hook is hinged to the standing part or shank and is held 
by a trigger or catch which can be released by pulling a cord, 
allowing the hook to tip forward... (R. W.) 

HOOKS, SISTER—Two hooks, with points turned toward each other, 
on the same shackle or ring. They virtually form an eye, though 
the sling does not have to be reeved through them. (R. W.) 


ej ee 


HOPPER—A temporary container for bulk material shaped like a fun- 

nel, but with four flat tapering sides arranged like an inverted 
truncated pyramid, with the large end up and generally open, 
and the small end down and generally closed by a gate or valve. 
Hoppers serve for solids in bulk the same purpose that funnels 
do for liquids, that of receiving intermittently a large flow 
or a flow of large cross sectional area, and delivering it through 
an outlet in a much smaller stream, continuously if desired, and 
in any case controlled by a gate or valve. 
Hoppers are built of steel plates, wood and concrete, the latter 
being more common where the structure is beneath or close to 
the ground level. (See Hopper, Track.) The sides are usually 
sloped sufficiently to allow complete discharge of the contained 
material. (R. W.) 

HOPPER, GRIZZLY—A bar grating or screen across a hopper opening 
which is set level with | a floor for receiving the sand dumped 
from foundry flasks, ete. (R. W.) 

HORSEPOWER—A commonly used unit of mechanical power, represent- 
ing the rate of expenditure of energy required to do 33,000 
foot-pounds of mechanical work per minute. (R. W.) 

HYDROGEN, CYANIDE—<Agvent used in ship fumigation. (R. S. M.) 


ih 


I-BEAM—A rolled steel bar having a cross-section shaped like the 
letter I. The size is designated by the height. ef the gig. for 
each height there is a standard width of flange, and also several 
different thicknesses. The weight is specified in pounds per 
running foot. (R. W.) 

IDLER—A. sheave or pulley which runs free, without transmitting 
power, and merely serves to guide or support rope or chain. 
Movable idlers are also used as tighteners for rope and belt 
drives, and are especially valuabe in giving a large are of con- 
tact where it would otherwise be small, due to the short dis- 
tance between centers. (R. W.) 

IMPLODED—Bursting inwards from outside pressure. (Shank. R.S. M.)_ 


INDICATOR—An instrument used for determining the power developed 
by a reciprocating engine. Also, any mechanism which shows or 
indicates the position, condition, quantity or quality of some- 
thing, as a depth, speed, pressure of polarity indicator. (R. W.) 

INDICATOR, DEPTH—A device attached to a mine or other hoist by 


which the operator can observe the vertical location of the car 
in the shaft. (CR. W.) 


INERTIA—That property of matter by which it tends to remain at 
rest if originally at rest, or to continue to move at uniform ve- 
locity in a straight line if originally in motion. It requires 
more power to start material to moving than to continue its 
motion after it is started, and greater stresses are developed 
in machines at the time of sudden starting and stopping than 
occur when they are operating nniformly. As examples, the 
bridge of an overhead traveling crane is subject to heavy side 
stresses due to inertia when travelling on the runway if suddenly 
started or stopped, and the boom of a locomotive crane receives 
similiar excessive stresses when slewing is started or stopped 
suddenly. (R. W.) 

INERTIA, MOMENT OF—The moment of inertia of an area with 
repect to a given axis is the limit of the summation of the 
products of the elementary areas into which the area may be 


considered as divided by the square of the distance of the ele- 
mentary areas from the axis. 

There are several moments of area of a section, according to 
the location of the axis, and these appear in calculations of 
the strength of beams, trusses, cantilevers, shafts, etc., including 
practically all machine and structure parts. (R. W.) 

INERTIA, MOMENT OF—Of a ship when turning about a vertical 
axis through the centre of gravity depends upon the longitudinal 
distribution of weights, being found by multiplying each weight 
in the ship by the square of the horizontal distance from the 
axis and adding the products. (Shank.) 


J 


JACK—A compact self-contained portable mechanism for lifting or 
ortherwise moving very heavy loads through small distances 
by the application of hand power. In addition to producing 
bodily motion, jacks are used for forcing tightly fitted parts apart 
or together. The larger the load lifted, the smaller the speed of 
lifting and in general, the heavier the jack. 

According to the type of mechanism they are termed screw jac*s, 
lever jacks, air jacks and hydraulic jacks. (R. W.) 

' JACK, HYDRAULIC—A form of jack in which the load to be lifted 
rests on a plunger fitting in a cylinder, and a hand pump de- 
livers a liquid from a reservoir in the head into the space be- 
neath the plunger, thus forcing it and the load, upward. They 
are made in various types, and capacities up to several hundred 
tons; (4s W;) 

JACK, SCREW—A jack in which a screw receives-a torque from an 
outside source of power, generally hand, and transforms a portion 
of that torque into thrust or translation which is applied to the 
object to be moved. ‘The screw revolves through ‘a nut fixed 
in the jack base, or, in some cases, the screw rises without turn- 
ing while the nut is rotated by hand power. The range is 
limited by the length of the screw. (R. W.) 

JACK-KNIFING—In a derrick, the term applied to the involuntary and 
undesirable raising of the boom sometimes occurring when a heavy 
load is being lifted. It is due principally to having the load 
line led from the boom point to a sheave well upon the mast 
instead of near its foot. The load line pull is thus tending to 
raise the boom, and if the block and tackle purchase is such 
that the load would decend with this raising of the boom, it 
may occur involuntarily at certain angles of the latter. (R. W.) 

JASON CASE—Decisions of the U. S. Supreme Court with regard to 
the participation of the cargo in general average. (R:S.M.) 

JERQUER—(British Term)—A Customs official whose duty it is to 
examine the ship’s cargo, to prevent goods being imported with- 
out paying duty. (J. Steph.) 

JIB—A horizontal arm forming one of the principal parts of one 
class of cranes. The load is suspended by ropes or chains from 
a trolley or traveller, which can move on wheels in or out along 
the jib. The jib may swing horizontally, or, with the structure 
on which it is fixed, may be moved along a track or runway, 
but the jib does not change its inclination with the horizontal 
while handling the load. In some special cases the jib is oper- 
ated in an in¢clined position, as in inclined-cantilever-jib wharf 
eranes, but this is a fixed working position, and the trolley 
moves along the jib while carrying the load, the same as if the 
jib were horizontal. (R. W.) 


JIB, RETRACTING—A jib which telescopes lengthwise. It is some- 
times used on cantilever gantry cranes for cargo handling work, 
with a trolley which can carry loads from the eargo hatch to 
the pier. The possibility of retracting allows the erane to be 
moved along the pier without interference from the rigging of 
the vessel. Also called extensible jib. (R. W.) 

JUMPER—An ‘‘all-over man.’’ A longshoreman who does not attempt 
to get steady work at one pier but works all over the port. (Br.) 


K 


KEDGING—Pulling off a stranded vessel by means of an anchor, 
carried astern (into deep water) and pulling with the ships 
windlass at high tide. (R. S. M.) 

KEEL BLOCKS—Sce Blocks. 

KING POST—The nautical term for the post or mast of a derrick 
as installed on shipboard for cargo handling. 

Also, the principal strut in a simple form’ of truss known as 
king post truss. Derrick booms are occasionally trussed with 
four king posts placed at right angles around the boom at its 
middle point. (R. W.) 

L 


LAGGING—A covering laid on the outside of engine cylinders, 
boilers. etc., to prevent the loss of heat by radiation. It is 
usually made of substances which do not conduct heat, lke 
magnesia and asbestos, and is fitted in blocks or molded while 
in a plastic condition. Canvas, sheet metal or wood are often 
added to make a serviceable finished surface. 

Also, pieces of wood secured to the cylindrical surface of a pulley 
or winding drum to increase its diameter or to furnish a wood 
in a place of a metal surface. (R. W. 

LANDER—A man who aids in landing the draft on the pier. (Br.) 

LARRY—A small car running on a track, hand or power propelled, 
which receives bulk material from one or more storage bins and 
delivers it to the places where it is to be used, making regular 
trips from one to the other. The load is discharged by bottom 
or side dumping or, if the car body is of the hopper form, by 
opening one or more gates in the hopper bottom and discharging 
through a spout. (R. W.) 

LASH—To tie or bind with a rope. (Br.) 

LATTICE—Criss-cross bracing of flat bars or structural shapes, riveted 
to two parallel structural steel members to rigidly connect them 
and make them act as one to resist, external loading. (R. W.) 

LAUNCH HIRE—Same as boat service hire. A water taxi rate. 
(R. 8. M.) 

LAY—The term applied to the placing of the strands of a rope in 

their proper relative position. (R. W.) 

LAY BYES—Side cuts in narrow channels to enable the ships to be 
accommodated inside the alignment of the bank. (Shank.) 
LEAD, OF A ROPE—The course it follows from end to end. A 
clear lead signifies that the rope extends in a straight line, 
without any interference necessitating guide sheaves. (R. W.) 

LEADER GEAR—Submarine cables laid down the center of a chan- 
nel for the guidance of vessels entering the harbor in thick 
weather. The ship is fitted on port and starboard sides with 
electric magnetic coils. Equal reactions in both coils indicate 
the vessel to be directly over the cable and by maintaining 
that position the channel can be followed. (Shank. R.S. M.) 


igi 


New York Harbor and Spithead, England, have been experiment- 
ing with this equipment. 

LIFT—The extent of rise or distance through which anything is 
raised, aS, a erane having a large lift. 

The weight of a load lifted by a erane, as, a ten ton lift. 
The cycle of operations of a crane, as, the crane makes twenty 
lifts per hour. 

An elevator or dumbwaiter (British.) (R.W.) Also used on the 
continent, Lift Boy, Elevator, Operator. (R. S. M.) 

LIGHT DUES—Port Charges assessed for the maintenance of beacons. 
(Not in U. 8S. public harbors) (R. 8S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—CHARACTERISTIC—The variation in _ lighthouse 
beacon flashes or colors that distinguish it from all others. 
(Shank.) (R. 8S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—See Making Lights. 

LIGHTHOUSE—DURATION OF FLASH—A flash of 0.3 see of a 
‘frevolving section’’ light is of sufficient duration. The more 
rapid the flashes the more frequently the characteristic of a 
lighthouse can be repeated. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—FIXED SECTION APPARATUS—The type which 
concentrates rays in the vertical plane only, and is usually pro- 
vided with means of occulting the burner to give it a charac- 
teristic. This type is capable only of relatively small powers. 
(Shank.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—FLASHING OR REVOLVING SECTION OPTICAL 
APPARATUS—In this type the lenses are built up into faces, each 
being a gigantic bull’s eye lantern. Each lens acts upon the rays 
from the burner in both the horizontal and vertical planes, this 
concentrating the light into a parallel beam projected to the 
horizon. There are several faces or bull’s eyes. When revolved 
on a pedestal it shows a series of flashes (characteristic) to 
the mariner. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—Focal Plane of—(Also of buoys.) The elevation of 
the center of the lens above the water or (datum plane.) 
(Shank. R.S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE—Occulting the burner—Of mechanically darkening the 
light at regular intervals to give the light a characteristic 
series of pauses and flashes. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

LIGHTHOUSE RANGE—The ‘‘ geographical range’’ is the distance 
at which a light can be seen by direct vision from the bridge 
of a vessel. This depends upon height above the sea of light 
and bridge. The light taken at 150’ and the bridge at 55’ 
would give a geographical range of 22% miles. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

LIGHTS, RANGE—Lights which indicate the direction of a navig- 
able stream or channel. (B. C. A.) When the two lights show 
one above the other the vessel is on the course. By day two 
markers usually on shore or the high one on shore and the 
low one anchored or more frequently extending out of the water 
from the bottom indicate the range as a line that shows both 
range markers in a_ vertical line. (R.S.M.) 

LIMIT SWITCH, TRACK TYPE—A mechanism operated by a ear, 
skip or elevator running on rails or guides, which disconnects 
the operating motor from the line (thereby usually automatic- 
ally applying the brakes) when the proper stopping point has 
been reached. It is usually in the form of a stop or contact 
placed near the rails and operated by a _ projecting part of 
thes .car..0 (RaW) 


LIMIT SWITCH, TRAVELLING CAM—A device for controlling the 
operation of an electrically driven power hoist, causing the 
stopping, dumping or some other operation to occur at a pre- 
determined point, and consisting of a screw rotated by the 
hoisting drum shaft, which moves a cam longitudinally, in pro- 
portion to the car travel. This cam, which is adjustable oper- 
ates the switch. For an application, see Skip Hoist, Automatic. 
(R. W.) 

LIMNORIA ANDREWSI CALMAN—Described from Christmas Island, 
So. Pacific, smaller and less destructive species than Limnoria 
Lignorum from which it can be distinguished only by a specialsit. 
CAY ana 3.) 


LIMNORIA LIGNORUM—Rathke. (Class Crustacea) frequently 
known as the ‘‘Gribble’’ has been known as 2 wood destroyer 
since 1799 when it was identified in Norway. It resembles 
an ordinary wood louse in appearance and like the wood louse 
belongs to the order of Crustacea known as Isopoda. The 
body is from 14%”-%4” in length with a width of 1/3 the length. 
It is slipper shaped with a small head and segmented body. 
The head has two eyes, two antennae, four pairs of mouth parts, 
including a pair of strong horny tipped mandiables for boring. 
There are seven pairs of legs with sharp hooked claws. lLim- 
nora destroys timber by gnawing interlacing branching burrows 
into the surface of the wood. It is particularly dangerous 
to creosoted timber when it gains entrance at a knot or abraison 
and destroys the interior. (R.S.M. from A. and J.) 


LINE—In hoisting, hauling, fastening, etc., a commonly used general 
term for a rope, chain or cord, especially when used for some 
particular purpose, as a tag line, hand line, ete. The terms 
rope and line are used interchangeably, but since the word 
line has so many diverse meanings, rope is preferable when ap- 
propriate, as hoisting rope, trip rope, ete. (R. W.) 

LINER—A piece of metal, usually a narrow strip used for filling 
a space between two steel plates or between a plate and a 
structural shape. (R. W.) 


LING—A variety of cod fish taken in ee quantities off the British 
coast. (J. Steph.) 


LITHOPHAGA ARISTATA DILLWYN—Species of Molusea_ respon- 
sible for much damage to Panama Canal works. (A. and J.) 


LOAD—A force applied from without or externally, measured in 
pounds, or tons. Also, in cranes and hoists, the useful weight 
lifted. (R. W.) 


LOAD, DEAD—Statice or non-moving load; load which does not vary. 
The dead load of a structure is usually the weight of the struc- 
ture itself, though other dead load may be added, as for ex- 
ample goods stored on the various floors of a warehouse or on 
a wharf. (See Load, Live.) (R. W.) 


LOAD, LIVE—A load which is not static or dead; a load which 
varies in amount or moves in location. (See Factor or Safety.) 
(R. W.) 
A dynamie or moving load, a load which is varying rapidly, or 
which is applied suddenly or with velocity The stresses from such 
live loads may amount to many times those arising from dead load 
of equal amount, and much larger factors of safety are necessary. 
Loads moving on wheels or rollers like crane trolleys or bucket 
conveyors are considered live loads, as are quick running machines 
in building above the ground floor. (R. W.) 


LOAD, PAY—Useful or net load; gross weight minus weight of ear, 
container, ete. (R. W.) 

LOAD ROPE OR LOAD CHAIN—In a hoist or crane, the rope or 
chain on which the load is lifted. Also in hoisting tackle, the 
part or rope or chain which leads directly to the load. (R. W.) 

LOADER, BOX CAR; CENTRIFUGAL OR THROWING TYPE—A box 
ear loader which is set on the ear floor opposite the middle 
door of the car, and consists of a rotating cage which radial 
blades driven by a motor. The material to be handled, as coal, 
is fed into the center of the rotating cage by a belt; screw 
or other conveyor from an outside supply, and is thrown from 
it by the centrifugal force due to rapid rotation. A cast iron 
eylinder with a side opening surrounds the rotor; this opening - 
can be turned to either side and thus govern the direction 
of throwing, allowing both ends of the car to be filled at one 
setting. Two rotaries may also be combined in one machine 
in such a way as to load both ends of the car simultaneously. 
The hopper into which the coal is loaded may be on the same 
side as the driving motor car or opposite to it; these arrange- 
ments are known as rear feed and front feed, respectively. (R. W.) 

LOCAL DUES—Charges peculiar to the port or harbor—Special har- 
bor dues. (R. 8. M.) 

LOCOMCTIVE, COMPRESSED AIR—A locomotive in which the 
power is supplied by compressed air, under high pressure, stored 
in tanks which are carried on the engine frame. (R. W.) 

LOCOMOTIVE, FIRELESS—A locomotive in which the boiler and 
firebox are replaced by a storage tank which is charged with 
steam and hot water from a stationary boiler. The machinery 
is similar to that of a steam locomotive. (R. W.) 

LOCOMOTIVE, GASOLINE—-A locomotive in which the power is 
supplied from an internal combustion engine. (R. W.) 
LOCOMOTIVE, GEARED—A type of steam locomotive in which the 
power is transmitted from the cyinders to the driving wheels 

through gearing. (R. W.) 

LOCOMOTIVE RACK—A type of locomotive used on heavy grades. 
The locomotive is driven by a gear which engages with a rack 
usually located in the center of the track. They may be either 
electric or steam types. (R. W.) 

LOWERER—Any device or machine by which material is lowered 

under full control, that is, not vertically dropped or slid down 
an incline. The term is more particularly applied to apron or 
push-bar elevators running in a reverse direction, and to the 
various types of fingered and suspended tray elevators when. 
used especially for lowering. 
Retarding conveyors of the type used for lowering coal down 
steep slopes from mine openings are also sometimes called 
lowerers. (R. W.) 

LOWERATOR—Same as Lowerer. 


LUFF—To move a load toward or away from the axis of a rotating 
crane; especially where it is suspended from the end of a 
boom, to move it thus by changing the inclination of the boom. 


(R. W.) 
M 


MAGNETS, LIFTING—An electric-magnetic device called a lifting 
magnet is extensively used for lifting large quantities of iron 
or steel. By the passing of direct current through a coil of 
wire which contains a soft iron core the latter becomes a 


— )i-— 


strong magnet. This electro-magnet is suspended from a crane 
and moved to pick up and hold magnetic material during trans- 
portation by the crane, after which the direct current source 
of power is cut off and the material no longer clings to the 
iron core. (R. W.) 

MAKING LIGHTS—Lighthouses of 2nd, 3rd, 4th order not strictly 
harbor lights but stronger, to assist in making port from the 
offing. 

MAKING-UP PRICE—(British Term)—The price fixed by committee 
of the Stock Exchange for the carrying over of bargains. It 
is also the price at which the differences of stocks are trans- 
ferred through the Clearing House. (J. Steph.) 

MANHOLE—An opening in a tank, bin, boiler, ete., of sufficient 
size to allow the passage of a man’s body, the usual minimum 
dimensions being 11 in. by 15 in. - (R. W.) 

MANIFEST—Detailed list of information concerning the vessel and 
its cargo containing (a) the names of the ports from which 
the merchandise was taken on board; (b) the name, description 
and build of the vessel, true measure of tonnage thereof, the 
port to which such vessel belongs and the name of the master 
of such vessel; (c) a detailed account of all merchandise on 
board with (a) marks and numbers of each package, (2) num- 
ber and description of the usual package as to destination, such 
as barrel, keg, etc.; the names of such persons to whom the 
packages are consigned and the numbers of the bills of lading 
issued thereof, the names of the passengers of such vessels with 
the names of those in the steerage and their baggage, the num- 
ber of the pieces of baggage belonging to each, an account of 
all baggage not accompanied by passengers. An account of the 
sea stores and ship stores on the vessel. (U. S. S. B.) 

MARINE LEG—See Elevator, Dock Leg. 

MARTESIA—(Marine borer family Molusca)—More nearly resembles 
a clam in stricture. The boring is done with the shells as in 
the case of the Teredo and Bankia, but the body is wholly en- 
closed within the shell instead of being drawn out into an 
elongated, worm like form as in the other two genera. The 
boring are usually not more than 24%” in length nor over 
1” in diameter while some species of Bankia are reported to 
reach a length of three or four feet. This genera is also equipped 
with muscular syphons, incurrent and exeurrent. (A. and J.) 

MASTER—The person having command of the vessel and may in- 
clude any person having the chief charge or command of the 
employment and navigation of the vessel. (U.S.S.B.) 

MATS—Woven matting of willows, bambo, reeds, ete., used to hold 
mud embankments in river correction works. (R.S.M.) 

MATRIX—See Concrete. 

MEDICAL INSPECTION—See Quarantine. 


MERCHANDISE—Means goods, wares and chattels of any description 
capable of being imported, and includes merchandise the im- 
portation of which is prohibited. (U. S. S. B.) 

MITRE GEARS—Bevel gears which are equal to size and have their 
shafts at right angles. The included angle of their pitch sur- 
face is 90 degrees. (R. W.) 

MITRE POST—The vertical member of a dock gate leaf forming 
the abutement with the other leaf at the outer end. (R. S. M. 
Br. Cun.) 

MOLE—Latin moles, a mass, is indicative of a large mound, or long 
ridge of material, heaped more or less regularly, in such a way 


aus to constitute some protection from rought seas. It fulfills 
the function of a breakwater. In later times it has acquired 
the specific significance of a breakwater provided with a broad 
superstructure capable of being used as an ordinary quay—Piers, 
Jetties, Moles, Quays, all similar. (Br. Cun.) 

MOLLUSCA—A family of marine borers, the most important genera 
of which are Teredo, Bankia and Martesia all bivalves, related 
to the clam. (A. and J.) 

MONIER SYSTEM—A network of metal bars and wires crossing at 
right angles bedded in a concrete slab to relieve the concrete 
of its tensil strength. In arched floors they assist in taking up 
the compressive stress. (R.S.M. Br. Cun.) 

MONITOR—A raised portion of the roof structure of a building, gen- 
erally astride the ridge, extending part or all of its length, and 
having the shape of a miniature building. Its side walls are 
usually glazed for light or provided with openings for ventilation, 
or both; it has no floor. 

In many installations of coal handling apparatus, conveyors are 
run lengthwise of the building through the monitor, and can dump 
anywhere in its length into storage bins beneath. The conveyor 
line is supported by the main roof timbers which extend across 
its base, and a footway alongside of it gives access for care 
and repairs. 

Also, a kind of car used in lowering coal down inclines. (R. W.) 

MONORAIL, ADJUSTABLE LOOP—A system by which a telpher or 
cage-controlled monorail hoist can serve the whoie of a rectangular 
area by means of a movable bridge on to which the telpher can 
TUN AV.) 

MOORINGS—A vessel is moored when it is held other than by a simple 
anchor chain. When secured by lines to buoys, dolphins, wharf. 
In the U. 8. Navy mooring means the system of two anchors with 
the 2 anchor chains caught together near the bow, by means 
of a yoke or swivel to prevent chains from twisting; this method 
reduces anchorage radius. (R. S. M.) 

MOORINGS, FIXED M—Owing to the necessity of keeping merchant 
vessels in constant readiness to slip moorings in destinction from 
those for warships which have large crews, fixed moorings have 
been developed. Screw moorings in hard bottom have been sue- 
eessful. (Shank.) 

MOORINGS, SCREW—Mooring screws have a shaft of 3’ to 8’, the 
diameter of the flange being 2’ to 4’ of cast iron. Two screws ear- 
ried by a bridle carrying the mooring pennant is most common. 
The screws are placed to preserve an angle of bridle of less 
than 45 deg. and a directly perpendicular pull on the serew is 
impossible. A 4’ screw will resist a perpendicular pull of 50 
tons. (Shank. R.S.M.) 

MORATORIUM—An extension of time allowed under exceptional eir- 
cumstances by the Government of a country for the payment of 
debts. (J. Steph.) 


MUNGO—The waste produced in a woolen mill from hand spun or 
feltered cloth or from the tearing up of old cloths: used for the 
manufacture of shoddy. (J. Steph.) 


N 


NAVIGATION—The acts of laying out a course for a voyage by a 
vessel upon the high seas (or great inland bodies of water such 
as the Great Lakes) and conducting a vessel over the prescribed 
course by means of compass, sextant and chronometer. (R. S. M.) 


NAVIGATION—Ordinary condition of N , is the path of the 
ship under the influence of the helm and with all screws work- 
ing ahead. The path followed approaches a spiral curve whilst 
turning through 32 deg. If the turning is continued the path 
becomes a circle in quiet water. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

NAVAL STORES—Resin and Turpentine. The chief American markets 
at present are Savannah and Jacksonville, but markets follow the 
source of supply and move about once every generation. (R.S. M.) 

NEAPED—A vessel may enter a harbor at spring tide and find that 
the depth of water at neap tide is insufficient for the vessel 
to navigate and get to sea again. Therefore the vessel must 
lay over at the port during the period of neap tides until the 
next spring tides. (R.S.-M.) 


O 


OFFING—The approaches to a harbor: the open sea before entering 
the harbor channels. (R. S. M.) 

OFFSET—The distance between two adjacent parallel portions of pipe, 

track, or other continuous line; the amount the line is set over 
in going from one to the other. 
One of the measurements taken to locate a point or object by 
means of its distances from two base lines at right angles; a 
co-ordinate. (R. W.) 

OUTSIDE SHIPS—Those ships which have no regular sailings. (Br.) 


OVERBURDEN—The material resting on top of a bed of coal, ore, 
stone, or similar material, the excavation of which is contemplated. 
Removal of the overburden is called stripping. (R. W.) 

OVERCUT—The term applied to a gate or valve for controlling the 
flow of loose material in a chute when it stops the flow by 
cutting down into the material from above. This is the usual 
construction, with vertical sliding gates, and with many quadrant 
or cylindrical gates. (R: W.) 

OVERTIME—Labor performed beyond the contract working day 
(1% pay) or upon Sundays and Holidays (double pay.) (R.S.M.) 


P 


PALLET—A flat platform, plate or sheet of iron, wood or wood covered 

with iron, used to pile material on, for purposes of handling or 
transportation, or for such operations as drying, curing, ete. 
Those of wood standing on high cleats can be easily picked up, 
trucked and deposited with their loads by trucks or barrows with 
proper lifting fingers or hooks passing under the pallet. Also 
called a hack. 
Also, a flat carrier, usually of wood with the smooth side down, 
for use in conveying materials such as sacks of cement which 
will not move if placed on roller conveyors. In a simple system 
several sacks or similar articles may be piled on each pallet, 
and after a sufficient number of these loads have run to their 
destination, the pallets are piled on the roller conveyor and pushed 
back by hand. Boxes are similarly used for materials which will 
not stack on pallets. (R. W.) 

PARBUCKLE—A double sling made of a single rope, for slinging a 
cask, gun or other cylindrical burden. (Webster. ) 

PARI PASSU—In equal proportions. (J. Steph.) 

PHOLADS—Stone and Concrete borer, family Moluscea. (R.. S. M.) 


PIER—A vertical support of an engineering structure. (R258 36M.) 
— 60 — : 


PIER BASE—A short structural steel tower used to give moderate 
elevation to a crane. A locomotive crane may have a pier base, 
adapting it for storage yard or cargo handling work. (R. W.) 

PIER SHED—A roofed structure or building placed on a pier, gen- 
erally to prevent damage to stored material by the elements. It 
may cover part of the pier, leaving open passages along the 
sides for the movements of cranes or special cargo handling 
machinery, or it may cover all the pier, in which case the cargo 
handling machinery must be located on the roof or carried by 
the vessel. (R. W.) 

PILLAR-—A post of wood, steel or masonry used to support the floor 
or a building or other portion of a structure. In pillar cranes, 
the central column or post by which the boom or jib is supported. 
(See Crane, Pillar; Crane, Pillar Jib.) The pillar is constructed 
in various ways, two types being a tapering cast iron column 
of circular section flared at the bottom where it rests on a heavy 
base plate. The particular type of pillar crane called a_ loco- 
motive crane generally has its pillar, which is very short, in- 
eluded as part of the two side frames of the hoisting winch and 
mounted with them on the revolving platform. (R. W.) 

PINION—The smaller of a pair of gears in mesh with each other. A 
gear with a small number of teeth. (See Gearing.) (R. W.) 

PINTLE—A cantilever pin or pivot, like the pivots at the top and 
bottom of the mast of a jib crane. (R. W.) 

PLATFORMS—-(Docks and Locks)—The floor fitted with iron or 
granite tracks over which the lock gates pass. Platforms must 
have strength to support heavy gates or caissons. (R.S.M. from 
Br. Cun.) 

PLATFORM, SKID—A wood or metal platform elevated a short dis- 
tance above the floor and resting on longitudinal members or 
skids. Raw or finished material, or partially finished work is 
piled on it, and it is picked up bodily and moved to any desired 
new location by means of a lifting truck of some sort, Boxes 
of any desired depth may be built on the platform with remov- 
able sides or ends. Stakes may be provided around the outside 
to keep objects from rolling off. Bins or posts to hold objects 
with holes in them may be inserted; cranks, cradles and all 
variety of special arrangements may also be used when ad- 
vantageous. Also called skid. (R. W.) 

PLUMB—-The state of being vertical. (R. W.) 

Also, a weight suspended on the end of a cord by which an 
object is tested as to its vertical condition, or by which a point 
on one object is set directly over a definite point below. Also 
called plumb bob, or plumb bob and line. 


PLY—One of the layers of sheet material which goes to make up an 
article of laminated structure, as fabric belts, veneered wood, 
ete. (R. W.) 

POCKET, RETAIL COAL—An elevated storage bin for. holding various 
sizes of coal, and arranged for delivering to trucks and wagons 
for retail sales. (See Pocket, Storage.) (R. W.) 


POCKET, STORAGE—An overhead bin for containing bulk material, 
which is delivered to it direct from cars on a track elevated above 
the pocket, or from boats or cars at a lower level by means of 
elevating and conveying machinery of ‘various types. The 
separate compartments are usually formed with sloping or hopper 
bottoms and are provided with discharge chutes and gates, so 
that they will completely discharge their contents. They are 
made of wood rectangular in plan and subdivided by wooden 


causa |» estas 


partitions and whole being strengthened by steel rods. Round 
wooden or silo-type pockets are often used, usually without sub- 
divisions, each silo holding one size of material. 

Steel tank coal pockets are also used, sub-divisions being made 
if needed by wooden eribbing with steel reinforcement. All 
pockets are at an elevation above the level on which stand the 
cars, wagons, ete., receiving the material, and this usually in- 
volves a high foundation or supporting framework for the pocket 
or depressed receiving track level. The driveways on which 
the receiving wagons or trucks stand are laid out either trans- 
versely or longitudinally beneath the pockets, or outside on one 
or both sides of the structure, corresponding to pockets sloping 
toward one or toward both sides. (R. W.) 

PONTOON BRIDGE—See Bridge. 

PORT—Ineludes any place from which merchandise can be shipped 
for exportation or at which merchandise can be imported. 
(U8 8icB2) 

PORT DUES—See Harbor Dues. 


PORT WARDEN—Official having jurisdiction over channels, anchor- 
ages, moorings, etc., of a harbor and a port. (R. 8S. M.) 

POST ENTRY—The master of any vessel arriving from a foreign 

port or place and required to make entry (a) shall make a post 
entry of any merchandise or baggage on board which is not in- 
cluded in or which does not agree with the manifest and (b) 
shall make a copy thereof and mail to the Comptroller General 
of the United States. Failure to do so shall be liable to a penalty 
Of $9007 CU Se ee isa) 

PUBLIC STORES—Goods not removed from the wharf or goods not 
entered within 48 hours after landing are sent to public stores 
and held as unclaimed at the risk and exnense of the consignee, 
in warehouses known as public stores. (U. 8S. S. B.) 

PULLEY, GUIDE—An auxiliary pulley which is located in such a 
way as to deliver a belt in the plane of another pulley, either 
the driving or the driven pulley of the mechanism. For ropes 
and chains, see Sheaves, Guide. (R. W.) 


PULLEY SLAT—A pulley used with belt conveyors handling elay, 
dirt or other material which might pack between the belt and 
an ordinary full-face pulley. It is composed of two ends dises 
or spiders connected by parallel slats, like a squirrel cage. (R. W.) 

PULLEY, SNUB—A pair of chain sprockets placed close under the 
head sprockets on the return side of a double strand bucket 
elevator, to cause a perfect discharge of the material by com- 
pletely inverting the buckets. They are placed outside the line 
of buckets and deflect the chains inward so that they remain 
in contact with the sprokets for considerable more than 180 deg. 
Also called choke wheels or deflecting wheels. (R. W.) 

PULLEYS, TIGHT AND LOOSE—Pulleys which revolve about the 
Same axis, one being rigidly attached or keyed to, and the other 
loosely revolving on the shaft. (R. W.) 

PUMP, DREDGE—A centrifugal pump used in a hydraulic dredge for 
drawing the mixture of water and solid material in through the 
suction pipe and discharging it on land or into a scow. (See 
Dredge, Hydraulic.) These pumps are designed specifically for 
the hard service they must undergo, and will handle boulders 
as large as can pass the agitator blades at the suction head. 
Dredge pumps are usually driven by vertical engines, often com- 
pound, and designed for economical operation. (R. W.) 


SG ore: 


PUMP, JET—A pumping device in which the high velocity of a small 
stream of fluid is made to give a slow velocity to a large 
amount of the same or another fluid, by a process of entrain- 
ment and of transformation of the kinetic energy of a large 
mass at low velocity. Because of the absence of moving parts, 
fluids containing solids can be handled and the apparatus is 
simple and cheap, but the efficiency is usually low. 

The arrangements in most common use are a water jet pumping 
water, known as a water-jet pump; a steam jet pumping water, 
known as an injector or ejector, depending on whether the de- 
livery pressure is high or low; and a steam jet pumping air 
known as a steam blower. : 
Water-jet pumps are used for drainage and excavation work, 
where dirty, gritty water would injure piston pumps. LEjectors 
are used for the same purpose, the steam being delivered from 
a stationary boiler, and while inefficient as compared with a 
piston pump, are simple, cheap and easily installed. Injectors 
are used for pumping feed water into boilers, and as the feed 
water, the efficiency is high. Steam blowers are used to produce 
draft for boiler fires, and are usually applied at the base of 
the stack, where they act to accelerate the exhaust gases and 
produce a suction. (R. W.) 

PUMP, RELAY—In long pipe lines, a pump placed at an intermediate 
point to assist in moving the liquid by again raising its pressure 
after that originally supplied has been reduced by the friction 
of flow. In the discharge from hydraulic dredges, relay pumps 
inerease greatly the possible length of discharge and remove part 
of the load from the pump, permitting greater out-put. The 
pumps are operated by steam or electricity. (R. W.) 

PURCHASE—Mechanical advantage; increase of force at the ex- 
pense of space moved through, as the purchase of a lever or 
block and tackle. Geared drum winches are also known as single 
or double purchase according to whether there are one or two 
gear reductions between the point of power application and the 
drum shaft. (R. W.) 

PURCHASE—The arrangement of pulleys and gear for lifting drafts. 
‘*Double purchase’’ means extra gear used for heavy loads. ((Br.) 

PURCHASE, UNION—(English use)—Two winches and falls on one 
hook. Burton and Fall. (R. 8S. M.) 


R 


RACKING (British term)—The term applied at the Custom House to 
drawing off, transferring, or combining wines or spirits from 
tasks. (J. Steph.) 

RACK RENT—(British Term)—An annual rent extended to the full 
value of the thing rented. The highest rent which the land will 
bear. (J. Steph.) 

RAIL, GROUND—A line of rails which is located on the ground, as 
distinguished from one _ supported on an_ elevated structure, 
building, ete. (R.W.) . 

RAMP—An artificial inclined path, road or track along which persons, 
animals and wheeled vehicles may pass primarily for the pur- 
pose of ascending or descending or changing their elevation. Foot 
ramps take the place of stairways; railway tracks set on a steep 
grade for the purpose of hauling loaded cars of bulk material 
to be dumped, are. sometimes called ramps; moving ramps, formed 
of platform conveyors, are made to carry loads, men with loaded 
hand trucks, and even wheeled vehicles like motor trucks; chain 


eee 


haulage ramps have haulage chains laid in them, to assist heavily 
loaded trucks either up or down. (R. W.) 


RAMP, MOVING—A wood apron conveyor set at a moderate ineclina- 
tion and used for conveying persons, motor trucks, ‘‘wheelers’’ 
or wheeled trucks, ete., up or down the grade. When the slope 
is so steep that special arrangements must be provided to pre- 
vent vehicles from running down the apron, it is usually, termed 
an apron elevator. (R. W.) 


RAT GUARDS—Sheet iron discs with a hole in the middle the size 
of a mooring rope and split from the center to the edge—(one 
radius) to permit passing over a mooring line to prevent rats 
from boading the ship from shore over the line: therefore the 
rats walk up the gang plank or ladder. (R.S.M.) 


RATCHET—A detent or pivoted piece arranged to fit into the teeth 
of a ratchet-wheel in such a way as to allow its rotation in one 
direction, but not in the other. Also called Pawl, Dog, Click. 
(BR. W.) 

RATCHET, FRICTION—A ratchet which locks a ratchel wheel against 
rotation in one direction by friction rather than by placing a 
projection in its path. It is generally a small rounded piece 
eccentrically pivoted, or a ball or a roller in contact with an 
eccentric or spiral surface, so arranged that the wheel pushes 
it aside when rotating in one direction, but brings it into a 
powerful wedging action when it starts to rotate in the other 
direction. (R. W.) 

REEVE—To pass or thread a rope through pulleys, blocks, guides, ete. 
(R. W.) 

RENTE—(British term)—The term applied on the Continent to the 
National Debt, as, for example, ‘‘French Rentes,’’ which are 
equivalent to our Consols. (J. Steph.) 


RESISTANCE—Of the ship to rotation consists of two parts, (1) the 
water dragged round with the ship and whose influence depends 
on the variation of the angular velocity—(2) depends on the 
angular velocity and is operative through the whole time the 
ship is turning. (Shank.) 

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS— (British term)—See Bends. 


REPORT OF STORES—Manifest of any vessel arriving at port shall 
specify such articles to be retained on board the vessel as (a) 
sea stores, (b) ship stores, (c) bunker coal or bunker oil. Any 
other or greater quantity of sea stores as specified in the man- 
ifest, or articles whether shown on the manifest or not, landed 
without a permit will be liable to a penalty equal to the value. 
(Ego ae. a) 

RESIDUE CARGO—Any vessel arriving at a port of entry of the 
United States having on board merchandise shown by the man- 
ifest to be destined to a foreign port or place, or (b) arriving from 
a foreign port having on board merchandise shown by the man- 
ifest to be destined to a port in the United States other than 
port of entry at which such a vessel first arrived and made 
entry. CUL4S: SaBy 

REVERSE CURRENT—A movement of water opposite to the main 
stream, usually close to shore. (R. 8. M.) 

RIG—(British term)—The secret operations of ‘‘Bulls’’ whereby the 
price of a security is forced up artificially. It is the manipula- 


tion of the market by ‘‘Bull’ speculators for their own profit. 
(J. Steph.) 


sate as 


RIVER REGULATION—(1) The Law of Deviation—The deepest and 
the shallowest points in the channel are below the vertex and 
the ends of the curve respectively. 

(2) The Law of Greatest Depth—The point of maximum depth 
is the deeper as the curvature of the vertex is sharper. 

(3) The Law of the Trace—In the interest of both the average 
and maximum depths the curves should be neither too short nor 
too long. On the Garonne River 1% kilometer. 

(4) The Law of Angle—For equal lengths of curve, the average 
depth of the pool is greater as the central angle substended by 
the curve is the smaller.  , 

(5) The Law of Continuity—The longitudinal channel profile 
shows gradual variation only when the curvature changes gradu- 
ally. Abrupt modifications of depth accompany rapid variations 
in curvature. 

(6) The Law of the Slope of the Bed—If the curve varies con- 
tinuously, an increasing radius of curvature marks a _ reducing 
depth and a decreasing radius an increasing depth. (Shank.) 

RIVER REGULATION—(Width and volume—An increase of volume 
of water does not occasion a corresponding increase in width of 
a river, as the scour may deepen the river to such a degree as 
to narrow the width. (Shank. R.S.M.) 

ROCK BORERS—Species of Mollusca, Pholadidae, Lithophaga which 
see, destroy rock and concrete. 

ROOSTER—A sheave carried in a swiveling bracket on the gudgeon 
or pivot pin at the top of a derrick mast, and used for giving 
the boom hoist line a straight lead to the drum on the hoisting 
winch. The boom hoist line is led up the center of the mast, 
out at its top, and over the rooster sheave, thus leaving the 
two sheaves in the mast step free for the hoisting and the 
closing lines equipped in the two-line bucket operation. Or if 
only one hoisting line is required, the use of a rooster allows 
the single line at the bottom to be placed centrally, and the 
mast can then be rotated a complete circle or more without 
fouling any line. (R. W.) 

ROPE-—A flexible connector used for pulling, made of fibrous vegetable 
materials or of metal wires, if the former, the fibres are twisted 
into yarns, the yarn into strands, and the strands are then laid 
into a rope, if the latter, wires are laid into strands and the 
strands into a rope. (R. W.) 


ROPE, ARMORED WIRE—Wire rope which has had its strands, 
wrapped or served with a winding of metal wire or ribbon be- 
fore being laid into the final rope. This armor takes all the 
wear for a long period of time, and materially lengthens the 
life of the rope. (R. W.) 


ROPES, ARRANGEMENT OF HOISTING—In cranes up to three tons 
capacity the load may be lifted on a single fall of rope. For 
loads trom five to seven tons, two parts’ are employed, one part 
winding on the drum. Above this size the load is lifted on four 
parts of rope, two parts being wound in left and right hand 
grooves on the drum, and the other two passing around an equal- 
izing sheave. In very large cranes the load may be supported 
on 16 (or more) parts, two winding on the drum, two passing 
around the equalizer sheave, and 12 pendent from the upper 
block. In some cases the ropes ordinarily passing around the 
equalizer are led to another drum and wound on it. 

The above represents common practice in overhead cranes, but 
there are many variations even in them, and when derricks, 


steam shovels, grab buckets, ete., are considered the arrange- 
ments in use are exceedingly numerous. 

Where sheaves and drums must be kept small as in overhead 
cranes trolleys, a maximum diameter of rope of 7/8-inch to 1-inch 
is adopted, and large loads are lifted by increasing the number 
of ropes; in cases where there is no limit to the size of sheaves 
and drums, as in mine hoists, one or a few large ropes are 
used. For small hoists small ropes are used, but it is not de- 
sirable to use many parts on account of the great wear of the 
rope passing around numerous sheaves. (R. W.) 

ROPE, CLOSING AND HOISTING—In two-rope grab buckets, the 
rope which passes through the bucket head, and which, when 
pulled operates the closing mechanism. (See Bucket, Two-rope.) 
Also called bucket hoisting rope or closing rope. (R. W.) 

ROPE, CORDAGE—Rope which is made from fibrous materials like 
manila, hemp or sisal. The fibres are of varying length; they 
are spun into yarns, the yarns into strands, and the strands 
are laid into ropes, the lay of the strands and the rope always 
being opposite. It is made up in three or four strands, with 
or without a center of heart, and is soft, medium or hard lay. 
The heart, when used, is a small rope having a diameter about 
one-third that of the strand. (R. W.) 

ROPE, HEMP—A rope made from fibres of the hemp plant. While 
strong and flexible, it decays rapidly when exposed to the weather, 
and is therefore often tarred. (R. W.) 

ROPE, HOLDING—In grab buckets operated by two ropes, the one 
which is attached to the bucket head and by which it is lowered. 
(See Bucket, Two-rope.) Also called bucket lowering rope. (R. W.) 

ROPE, MANILA—A rope made from fibres obtained from a species 
of wild plantain belonging to the banana family, and native to 
the Philippine Islands, the fibres are from 6ft. to 10 ft. long 
and very strong in tension, though weak transversely. (R. W.) 

ROPE, SHELL—The term applied to the holding rope in some types 
of two-rope grab buckets where the top bucket head is extended 
downward forming a housing or shell for supporting guides on 
which the two spades or bowls slide. (R. W.)' 

ROPE, SISAL—A rope made from the fibres of a plant grown in 
Yucatan, Mexico and Florida. It is in general inferior to manila 
in strength, appearance and wearing qualities. It is used for 
tying or binding purposes, and seldom for running around sheaves. 
(CR. W.) 

ROPE, TRIP—A small rope which, when pulled (generally by hand) 
operates a latch or dog to release a moving part of an apparatus, 
such as a grab or turnover bucket. (R. W.) 

RUMMAGING— (British term)—The name given to the searching of a 
vessel by the officers of the Custom House for the purpose of 
ascertaining that neither dutiable nor prohibited goods are con- 
cealed on board. (J. Steph.) 

RUNNING LINES—A charge paid by the vessel to the Boatman 
(which see) for the service of carrying the mooring lines ashore 
and making them fast. Charges range from $5 to $15, according 
to the port and the size of the vessel. (R.S. M.) 

RUNWAY—The path or track over which anything regularly runs; 
a passageway or aisle which can be used for wheeled vehicles 
whether on rails or not. Also, the term applied to an assemblage 
of conveyor sections, and particularly to the parts on which the 
material transported actually rests, as distinct from the support- 
ing structure, driving mechanism, ete. (R. W.) 


Ge 


Ss 


SALVAGE—The recovery of a wrecked or disabled vessel—(1) for 
the value of the vessel—or (2) to clear harbor channel. (R.S. M.) 


SALVAGE—The amount payed the one salving or saving the vessel— 
old sea practice allows half the salvaged value. (R. 8S. M.) 


SALVAGE—‘‘Patch and pump’’ method usually applied when vessels 
are voluntarily stranded after collision. (R. S. M.) 

Cofferdam method, when the sunken vessel is entirely sur- 

rounded by a sheet piling and the water pumped out putting 

the vessel in the dry. This method used on the U. 8S. S. Maine 

at Havana. (R. 8. M) 


SANITARY DUES—Fees for fumigation, health office inspection, 
health officer certificates, ete. (R. S. M.) 


SAVE ALL—A net hung from ship to pier to prevent the draft from 
falling into the water. Also a sail cloth placed for protection 
between different kinds of goods. (Br.) 

SCOW—A _ flat-bottomed boat, generally with flat sloping ends and 
without deck, used for transporting heavy bulk material such 
as dirt, gravel, sand, stone, garbage, etc; garbage scow have 
hopper bottoms, by which the load may be dumped into the 
water. (R. W.) 

SCRAPER, FRESNO—A horse-drawn drag-scoop scraper having a 
wide and rather short bowl. It is filled by dragging through 
loose dirt, with the cutting edge slightly depressed, and is dumped 
by turning over on adjustable runners which allow a complete 
dump or gradual spreading as may be desired. It is returned on 
the runners. On account of its short bowl it fills easily, and 
will follow up a steep bank without dumping. (Also called buek 
scraper.) (R. W.) 

SCRAPER, TONGUE—A drag scraper in which the horses pull the 
scoop by a forked tongue pivoted to it at its two sides, instead 
of by chains attached to a bail as in the ordinary drag scraper 
(R. W.) 

SCRAPER, WHEEL—A horse-drawn scraper bucket consisting of a 
steel pan or scoop mounted on wheels and equipped with levers 
by which the cutting edge can be lowered to the ground for 
filling the bucket, and then raised clear while the load is being 
wheeled to the dumping point. To dump, the back end of the 
pan is raised until the cutting edge digs into the ground, when 
the continued pull of the team will dump the load. It is re- 
turned in the dumped position. An automatic front gate is 
sometimes added to prevent the spilling of material during long 
or rough hauls. (R. W.) 

SCREW RACE—The current of water set up by the action of the 
revolving screw propeller of a vessel. (R. S. M.) 

SCREW LIGHTERS—A vessel constructed for the purpose of driving 
mooring screws in harbors. (Shank. R.S. M.) 

SEA STORES—(1) Merchandise necessary for the proper supply of 
the needs of a vessel and its screw on a voyage. (U.S.5S. B.) 
SEA STORES—Articles purchased for the use of or for sale on board 
the vessel, as supplied shall be termed merchandise, and when pur- 
chased at a foreign port shall be liable to entry and the payment 
of duties found to be due thereon at the first port of arrival in 

the United States. (U. S. S. B.) 

SEDIMENTARY TRANSPORTING POWER—Of a river is proportional 
to the sixth power of its velocity P__V6. If the velocity is doubled 
the transporting power is increased 64 times. (Shank.) 


Srp 3s 


SEIGNIORAGE—The profit made by the Government on the manu- 
facture of token money. (J. Steph.) 

SELECTOR—The man who grades the bananas when they are loaded 
into trucks or ears. (Br.) 

SET-SCREW—A machine screw which prevents relative motion of two 
parts in contact by being screwed through one, and having its 
point forced to ‘‘set’’ into the other. It is used generally to 
secure hubs of small pulleys, ete., to their shafts. The heads 
are generally square, but may be ‘slotted. (R. W.) 


SHACKEL—A stirrup or piece bent into U-shape, with eyes in the 
two ends, used to attach a link or eye through which it passes, 
to another similar part by means of a bolt or pin passing through 
the two eyes. (R. W.) 

Used on cargo masts for rigging the burton fall. (R. 8. M.) 


SHACKLE, GUY—A shackle used for attaching a guy line to a der- 
rick A thimble or a sheave may be placed on the pin or built 
to bend the wire rope around preparatory to clamping it to the 
standing part of the guy. (R. W.) 


SHAFT—A long cylindrical machine member rotating in bearings, and . 
subject mainly to torsion. It may have cranks, gears, cams, 
pulleys or sheaves fastened to it, and transmits power between 
them by torsional stress in the shaft. When the torsion is only 
incidental, and bending is the principal stress, the member is 
ealled an axle. 

In mining a vertical or inclined excavation made. in opening 
the ground for mining purposes. All of the material exeavated 
is hoisted through the shaft, and all tools and equipment re- 
quired for the work are lowered through it. It also contains 
the pipes connected with the pumping system, and the lines 
of power transmission. (R. W.) 

The vertical space in which an elevator (lift) operates. (R.S. M.) 

SHAFT, CROSS—In bridge cranes, the bridge driving or squaring 
shaft. (R. W.) 


SHAFT, FOOT—The term applied to the shaft carrying the lower 
of the two principal wheels, or sheaves, round which passes the 
endless chains or ropes of various types of inclined belt or apron 
conveyors, continuous bucket elevators, etc. Also called the tail 
shaft. (R. W.) 


SHAFT, HEAD—In elevators, elevator conveyors, mine hoists, ete., 
the shaft carrying the sheaves, sprockets or drums around or 
onto which pass the ropes or chains carrying the load. Where 
the rope or chain is endless, as in bucket elevators, the lower 
shaft is called the foot shaft in distinction. (R. W.) 

SHAFT, SQUARING—The shafting connecting the wheels on the two 
tracks of a travelling crane, used to drive the crane, and to 
force the two ends to travel at the same speed and keep the 
bridge ‘‘square’’ with the runway. At one time cranes were 
pulled along by a rope, and this shaft had no function except 
that of squaring. At present it is utilized as the drive shaft, 
and is geared directly to the bridge travel motor. 

In gantry cranes the squaring shaft is carried across the bridge, 
and extensions down the end frames connect to the wheels by 
bevel gearing. 

Occasionally the crane gets out of square in spite of these ar- 
rangements; it can be squared by running it against the stops 
at one end of the runway, and exerting sufficient pressure to 
slip the wheels on one side a slight amount. (R.W.) 


BAG A eees 


SHEARS,. OR SHAFT LEGS—A type of crane much used in ship- 
yards for fitting out, in which a long boom made of two con- 
verging members is pivoted at.the bottom on a foundation, 
and earries the hoisting tackle at the top. It has a small hor- 
izontal range by means of the in-and-out seing of the long- 
legged boom, and the vertical range is limited only by the 
height of the shear legs. It is never allowed to swing very far 
forward, and never backward. It is ordinarily swung out by 
slacking on guys attached to the top and extending to anchor- 
ages a considerable distance to the rear. Occasionally a third 
or back leg is provided, pivoted to the main leg parts way up 
or at the top, and extending downward to the rear; the lower 
end is mounted on wheels and is rolled along the ground under 
the control of tackle or a screw, thus swinging the top outward, 
or luffing it. (R. W.) 


SHEAVE—A wheel or dise of wood or metal, having one or more cir- 

eumferential grooves shaped to receive a rope or chain, and free 
to rotate on a shaft. Wood sheaves, as used in small blocks, are 
generally made of lignum vitae with bronze bushings. Metal 
sheaves are plain dises; hub, web and rim construction; or hub, 
spokes and rim; in accordance with the size. 
A sheave is usually free on its shaft, and without gearing, serv- 
ing merely to change the direction of the rope passing around it. 
The term is, however, sometimes incorrectly applied to narrow 
drums used for winding purposes and to the driven pulleys of 
a rope drive. (See also Sheave, Chain; Sheave Gravity Plane.) 
(R. W.) 


SHEAVE, ELEVATOR—A special concave surfaced drum of large 
diameter fastened on the end of the drum shaft of a winch, 
and used for operating material handling elevators, as in build- 
ing construction. A rope has its two ends connected to two 
elevators, or to one elevator and a counterweight, and is passed 
around the drum for one or two turns. The drum may be dis- 
connected from the winch shaft by a jaw or friction clutch, 
and a foot-operated band brake enables it to be retarded or 
held at any point desired. (R. W.) 


SHEAVE, FIXED—A sheave whose axis is fixed in location; also a 
guide sheave. (R. W.) 


SHEAVE GRAVITY PLANE—A brake-controlled sheave located at 
the top of an ineline, by means of which control is maintained 
over a downward moving loaded car which is only partially 
counter-balanced by the upward moving empty car connected 
to it by a rope passing over the sheave. A single turn of the 
rope around a sheave would not give sufficient traction to pre- 
vent slipping, so two multi-grooved sheaves mounted on parallel 
axes and provided with. brake bands are anchored to a founda- 
tion, and the rope is passed around them in suecession in figure 
eight turns. The rope ends are fastened to the cars. 

A motor drive is sometimes added to the sheave, to assist in 


starting, and to raise a loaded car in case it should be necessary. 
(R. W.) 


SHEAVE, GROOVED—See Sheave, Rope. (R. W.) 


SHEAVE, GUIDE—A sheave located in such a way that it guides a 
rope in a desired direction,)generally onto a drum, or into the plane 
of another sheave. (R. W.) 


SHEAVE, LOAD—In a chain hoist, the sheave from which the chain 
or rope carrying the load is pendant. (R. W.) 


=. BO ae 


SHEAVE, ROPE—A sheave having a circumferential groove shaped 

to fit rope. If for wire rope for power transmission, the groove 
is shaped so that the rope does not touch the sides; if for 
hoisting the groove should fit the rope closely to enable it to 
hold its shape under heavy load. Idler sheaves for manila rope, 
usually have grooves which approximately fit the rope, but do 
not wedge it. : 
Wide faced freely turning sheaves with numerous grooves are 
usually called idler pulleys when keyed to their shafts and 
used for actual power transmission they are called rope drive 
pulleys. (R. W.) 

SHEAVE, WATER—A sheave which is designed for use in a fall 
or bottom block which passes under water, as in the hoisting of 
dredge dippers, grab buckets, etc., grease lubrication is usually 
arranged to prevent grit entering the bearing, and the sheave 
is thoroughly housed to prevent fouling from roots or othe# 
objects. (R. W.) 

SHEETING DAM—See Cofferdam. 


SHIP’S PROTEST—The document signed by. the captain of a vessel, 
containing a declaration under oath as to the true circumstances 
urder which damage to ship or cargo has been sustained. A 
eopy is usually required when a claim is being made under an 
insurance policy. (J. Steph.) 

SHOVE OFF—(nautical slang)—Originally from the action of a small 
boat to leave ship, shore or landing, it has come to be applied 
to any vessel or any individual leaving, getting underway. (R.S. M.) 


SHOVEL, CROWDING MOTION—The thrusting motion of the dipper 
handle of a power shovel, by which it is forced downward or 
forward into the digging. Two types are in use; the shipper 
shaft crowd, in which the dipper handle is moved lengthwise 
(see Shovel, Steam, Crowding Engine); and the horizontal crowd, 
in which the upper end of the shovel handle is moved horizontally 
forward. The dipper hoisting motion is operated simultaneously 
with either of these. 

Also called thrust or thrusting motion. (R. W.) 


SHOVEL DIPPER—The digging element of a steam shovel or dipper 
dredge. It consists of a bottom dumping bucket having a hinged 
dipper door, mounted rigidly (sometimes adjustably) on the end 
of along arm called the dipper handle, which can be moved 
lengthwise by engines and gears mounted on a boom. This en- 
gine, called the crowding engine, furnishes the power for hold- 
ing the dipper against the material to be excavated. The dipper 
is pulled through the bail around a sheave at the boom end, 
and thence to the hoisting drum of the winding machinery. The 
door is hinged to the back of the dipper and is held shut by a 
latch which can be released by a trip rope operated by the. en- 
gineer. The dipper is of steel, and the front part, which receives 
the hardest treatment, is often of manganese or high carbon steel. 
(CR. W.) 

SHOVEL, HORIZONTAL CROWDING—A power shovel in which the 
upper end of the dipper handle may be moved forward _hor- 
izontally at the same time the dipper is pulled forward by the 
hoisting rope. It is useful for producing smooth, level cuts, 
and for tearing up surfaces of roads without disturbing the 
foundation structure. 

Some machines give a very long horizontal ‘‘crowd’’ by having 
a special arrangement with a scoop travelling along the lower 


pend yale 


side of the boom, which is lowered to a horizontal position dur- 
ing filling, and raised and swung for dumping. (R. W.) 

SHOVEL, POWER—A power driven excavator, in which the digging 

element is usually a scoop or dipper mounted on a handle and 
operated by a combination of a geared attachment to a boom 
with wire ropes or chains attached to the dipper and also oper- 
ated from the boom. This apparatus, with its operating machinery, 
boiler, ete., is mounted on a car with flat or flanged wheels, or 
on a track-laying truck, and is usually self-propelled. Steam 
power is in most general use, but internal combustion engines 
are also used, and occasionally electricity. (See Shovel, Steam; 
Shovel, Gasoline.) 
Several forms of digging element other than the dipper and 
handle are in use. In some of these a shovel-shaped scoop is 
thrust forward into the material and is raised, swung and dumped 
in much the same manner as a hand shovel. This motion is 
obtained by operating the scoop by a series of linkages and bell 
eranks mounted on a revolving turntable, or by having the scoop 
move along the lower side of a nearly horizontal boom, filling 
as it moves outward, after which the boom is raised and swung 
to the dumping point. (See Loading Machine, Coal.) (R. W.) 

SHOVEL, SHIP—A term applied to a type of power shovel used in 
unloading grain from the holds of vessels where is is used to 
move the grain toward the point where the buckets on the 
marine leg can reach it. It thus serves as a power-operated 
hand-controlled feeded device for the marine leg. The operat- 
ing rope is sometimes led down the leg into the hold and thus 
always toward the leg. (R. W.) 

SHOVEL, STEAM—A power shovel operated by steam engine. The 

type in most common use consists of a digging element in the 
form of a scoop or dipper mounted on the end of a dipper. This 
handle is pivoted to a swing in a vertical plane about a_hor- 
izontal axis or shaft called the shipper shaft near the center 
of a supporting boom. 
The handle can also be run in or out lengthwise by engine-driven 
gearing mounted on the boom, and meshing with a rack on the 
dipper handle; this action is termed crowding. The boom is 
double for a portion of its length and the dipper handle swings 
between the two sides. (R. W.) 

SILL—In a stiff-leg derrick, the heavy timber lying on the ground, 
and connected to the mast step at one end and the bottom end 
of a stiff-leo at the other. Also called lie-leg. (R. W.) 

SILL—LOCK SILL—The transverse member fitted with carefully 
dressed timber to form a water tight joint against which the 
bottom of the lock gate rests, when closed, to form a _ water- 
tight joint. The sill may extend 18” to 3’ above the level of the 
dock floor. The depth of water over the sill is the controlling 
depth for the use of the dock or lock. (R.S.M.) 


SILTING—When the suspended matter, or silt, in a stream is in excess of 
the sedimentary transporting power of the current the suspended 
excess is dropped. 

This occurs in slack water such as pier slips, that ‘‘silt’’ or fill 
up more or less rapidly according to the quantity of solid matter 
brought down by the current. (R. 8S. M.) 


SKIN DAM—See Cofferdam. 


SKIP—A shallow, flat-bottomed, straight sided wooden box reinforced 
with iron fittings, with top and one end open, supported by 
three chains leading to a common ring for hanging on a der- 


Dati (9 ne 


rick hook. The chain supporting the open end is provided with 
a trip hook for dumping. Used for dirt, rock, ete., and filled 
by hand shoveling, when a grab bucket is not available. Also 
made of steel throughout. Sometimes called derrick skip or stone 
skip. 

The term is also sometimes applied to a similarly used flat 
, rectangular wooden platform with rope slings from each cor- 
ner connected to a ring at the point of attachment of the hoist- 
ing rope. (See also, Skip Car; Skip Bucket; Skip Hoist; Scale 
Box.) (GROW?) 

SKIP CAR—A four-wheel car arranged to run on the track of an in- 
clined skip hoist. It is open at the front end; often the top is 
also partly or entirely open. The wheels are mounted on two 
through axles beneath the car, or, in some cases ,on spiders 
riveted to the sides of the car. The rear wheels have an extra 
wide tread, sometimes of two diameters, the outer treads~ being 
used only at the top of the hoist for dumping purposes. A bail 
is attached to the sides or bottom of the car partly or entirely 
surrounding it, and to it is attached the hoisting rope which 
leads to the winch drum. A second rope is led to a counter- 
weight; sometimes two cars are used each serving to counter- 
balanee the other. Occasionally a skip car runs on a vertical 
track, the hoisting line being led off at such an angle as will 
keep the wheels against the rails. (R. W.) 

SKIP HOIST—An arrangement for the intermittent hoisting of 

material in bulk, consisting of a tower with guides, or an in- 
clined runway with tracks, on which the load carrying skip, often 
called a skip runs. Wire hoisting rope leads from the skip over- 
head sheaves and leading sheaves to a single drum _ hoisting 
winch (usually electrical) which is operated through a control 
panel. A push button for starting and stopping is located where 
convenient. A hopper with loading spout and gate at the bot- 
tom is arranged for loading the skip when it is in the pit, and 
it is emptied at the top by dumping. 
The various operations may be manually controlled, partly auto- 
matic, or fully automatic. For methods of dumping, see Skip Car. 
Skips are also used in mine shafts for hoisting material to the 
surface, the arrangements being similar to those described, ex- 
cept that the capacity is usually very large. (R. W.) 

SKIPPER—The captain of a vessel or slang for the commanding of- 
ficer of a company of marines. (R.S.M.) 

SKIPS OR SKIPHOISTS—tTravelling overhead buckets for transfer 
of material, such as the skip hoists for charging a blast furnace. 
CR. 4S, 0 


SHENANGO—A longshoreman who does the odd work on lighters and 
barges. (Br.) 


SLACK-ROPE—The rope which is used to tighten the track rope in a 
slack-rope cableway excavator. One end is led to a winch drum, 
and the other after being reeved through a block on the end 
of the track rope and another on the tower, is dead-ended 
on one of them. (See Excavator, Slackrope Cableway.) (R. W.) 

SLEWING—(Also Spelled Sluing)—The act of rotating a crane about 
its vertical axis, often called swinging. Performed by hand in 
small crane but it is a power operation in larger ones. There 
are two common methods; by means of a grooved wheel fast 
to the bottom of the mast, which is pulled around by ropes 
wrapped around its circumference (see Bull Wheel); and by a 
large ring gear fast to the foundation or base, with teeth on 


Pee 49 \yeatee 


its circumference meshing with a small pinion projecting down 
from the revolving platform above, and driven. by power in 
either direction desired. (R. W.) 

SLINGING—A shipping term used in some ports of the United King- 
dom, meaning a charge for putting the chains around the goods 
as they lie in craft alongside the ship, to facilitate the hoist- 
ing of the goods on board. (J. Steph.) 

SMUGGLING—If any person knowingly or wilfully, with intent to 
defraud the revenue of the United States, who clandestinely in- 
troduces into the United States -any merchandise which should 
have been invoiced, (b) or makes out or passes or attempts to 
pass, through the customhouse any false, forged, or fraudulent 
invoice every such person, his, her, or their aiders and abettors, 
shall be deemed guilty of smuggling. (U.S. S. B.) 

SONIC DEPTH SOUNDER—Introduced by the U. 8. Navy. The de- 
sign of this device is based on the principle of coincidence of 
reception of sound impulse with the echo (from the bottom) of 
the previous impulse. Adjustment is made when a key closes the 
transmitting circuit the impulse is heard in one telephone re- 
eeiver of a head set. After a definite interval the echo is 
heard. The rate of impulses is adjusted until the train of im- 
pulses coincide in both ears. The rate of the interval in terms 
of 4950 feet per second gives the depth. (Shank. R. S. M.) 

SPAN-—The distance reached across by a bridge, a girder, a beam, a 
rope, ete. The span of a crane bridge is the distauce between 
centers of the rails at each end. (R. W.) 

SPAN—A rope fastened at both ends to any objects; generally to 
the masts. It is used for the up-and-down fall. (Br.) 


SPAR—A general term for mast, boom, and gaff. (Br.) 
SPARDECK—The upper deck. (Br.) 


SPHAEROMA QUADREDENTUM SAY—(Sphaeroma destructor Rich- 
ardson—Sphaeroma pentadon Richardson)—(1) from Beaufort, 
N. C. (2) East Coast Harbor. (38) West Coast. Genus allied 
to Limnoria which it closely resembles in structure, it is much 
larger, olive and reddish brown, %4” long by 4” wide. (A.and J.) 


SPOIL—The term applied to the material removed in making an ex- 
cavation either on land by excavating machinery, or under water 
by dredging. (R. W.) 

SPOIL BANK—A long pile or heap of excavated material, usually 
placed parallel to the longest dimension of the ditch or other 
excavation being made. (R. W.) 


SPOOL—A name sometimes applied to a drum, especially when the 
surface is concave and it is used as a winch head. On winches 
used for miscellaneous hoisting work, a split spool is sometimes 
furnished to, be attached to the main winding drum when de- 
sired to operate a counterweighted material hoisting elevator by 
an endless rope which makes several turns around the spool. 
(R. W.) 


SPOUT, DOCK—A long spout receiving the discharge of grain or 
similar bulk material from an elevated hopper or conveyor in a 
building on a wharf and delivering it into the hold of a vessel 
alongside. The upper end is provided with a turnhead which 
permits it to swivel about a vertical axis; it can also swing 
about a horizontal axis. The lower portion of the spout tele- 
scopes outside of the upper,, permitting it to be withdrawn from 
the vessel’s hold by block and tackle. The weight of the entire 
spout is carried by a tackle hanging from a swinging boom. 


ear a 


SPOUT, FLEXIBLE—A spout which is construeted of a number of 
cylindrical or slightly tapering pipe sections, fitted into each 
other, loosely attached by chains, and hanging from the top 
section, so that the lower end may be moved about and the 
emerging material deposited where desired. This construction 
is used with the chuting of concrete and in grain, gravel and 
sand handling and _ loading: operations. Also called flexible 
chute, and elephant’s trunk chute or spout. Occasionally the 
sections telescope within one another for vertical adjustability, 
and for convenience in handling. (R. W.) 

SPOUT, MAGNETIC—A spout which contains an electro-magnet so placed 
that it will attract and hold all pieces of iron which may ac- 
cidentally get into a stream of material passing over it, and pre- 
vent them from passing into a crusher or other machine which 
would be injured by their entry. The magnet is usually located 
in the bottom of the spout, and provision is sometimes made for 
the automatic opening of a door just beyond the magnet to dis- 
charge any accumulated iron onto the floor and not into the 
crusher, in case the electric current fails or is accidentally turned 
off, “CRS W.) 

SPOUT MEASURING—A vertical or nearly vertical spout which is 
provided with gates at both top and bottom and is used as a 
means of measuring coal or other material delivered through it 
from a bin or hopper above. An interlocking device prevents 
the opening of the two valves at the same time, and a counter 
attached to the lower gate records the number of spoutfuls which 
have been discharged; this multiplied by the calibrated contents 
of the spout will give the volume delivered. Used for measur- 
ing the coal delivered to boiler stoker hoppers. (R. W.) 


SPUD—A device used for anchoring a dredge or other floating craft 
to the bottom or bank of a body of water. The usual form 
consists of a vertical timber sliding in guides attached outside 
the scow side, or in a well formed within the hull. Two are 
always placed near the front and two at the sides at the stern 
or one in the middle of the stern. The spuds are raised by 
tackle, the ropes of which are lead to winch heads on the hoist- 
ing engine, or to rack and pinion gearing operated by hand or by 
power. When lowered and forced into the mud bottom, they 
hold the scow sufficiently firmly to resist the thrust of a dipper. 
Another type known as a bank spud is used on dredges in ex- 
cavating narrow channels, such as drainage canals, ete. It ex- 
tends out diagonally downward from a gallows frame, with a 
pad on its lower end resting on the bank. Another short arm 
from near the deck also connects to the spud near its lower end, 
thus bracing it securely. With this type of spud the scow can 
be built narrow for narrow ditches, and still be free from danger 
of capsizing during operation. (R. W.) 

SPUD, TELESCOPE—A bank spud used on dredges in which one 
part sliding within another may be extended at will to any 
desired length, thus adjusting for different heights of bank. (R. W.) 

eas THE HATCH—The space at the bottom of the hatch. 
Br. 

STABILITY—Having a tendency to return to its original position of 
equilibrium after being disturbed therefrom. A stable body or 
structure resist strongly a tendency to displace it from its position 
of equilibrium, or, if it is displaced, tends strongly to return 
to its former position. The question of stability is. exceedingly 
important in all self-supporting cranes in which the load may 


Ree) tee 


be carried outside the outline of the base supports, as pillars, 
locomotives, horizontal rotating, cantilever jib, all tower cranes, 
ete. Wind pressure also tends to overturn such structures, and 
must be taken into account. 

The various methods of gaining stability are: anchoring to a 
heavy masonry foundation—possible for fixed cranes only; using 
fixed or moving counterweights, placed opposite the load to be 
lifted, which is the most common method; using outriggers 
or temporary guys, which virtually increase the size of the base 
and convert the travelling crane temporarily into a fixed crane. 
(R. W.) 

STAGE—A loading platform built up temporarily in the square of 
the hatch to assist the hold gang in stowing or breaking out. 
(R. S. M.) 

STAGGERED—Arranged in diagonal rows. Said of rivets, perfora- 
tion, etc., when those in one row are one-half the pitch ahead 
of or behind those in the next adjacent row, instead of being 
abreast. (R. W.) 

STAITH—A short tongue or jetty within a dock for coaling purposes. 
(R. S. M. Br. Cun.) 

STEERAGE DECK—Main Deck. (Br) 

STEERING QUALITIES OF A SHIP—The factors are (a) time taken 
to put the helm over to the maximum angle. 

(b) the pressure on the rudder. 

(e) the moment of inertia of the ship and water moving with 
her about a vertical axis through the center of gravity. 

(d) the moment of resistance of the ship in rotation. (Shank.) 

STEP—To step is to fasten; e. g., to step a mast from the ship’s 
side. (Br.) 

STIFF-LEG—One of the struts or props used to hold erect the mast 
of a stiff-leg derrick. It is attached to the top of the mast at 
one end, and to a ground anchorage, or the end of a lie-leg, 
at the other, by gooseneck iron and stiff-leg iron respectively. 
(R. W.) 

STIFF-LEG, BROKEN BACK—A stiff-leg with an upward pointing 
crook or angle in it, arranged to completely clear a derrick 
boom and allow a full circle swing. An additional short strut 
from the break or angle to the ground is generally used to stiffen 
the crooked stiff-leg, and occasionally two of these additional 
short struts are used for each stiff-leg, firmly Bh eet it in 
position against side deflection. (R. W.) 

STIFF-LEG IRON—A metal fastening or strap for securing the lower 
end of a derrick stiff-leg to a sill or to an isolated anchorage. 
(R. W.) 

STOOL—A pile of bags of packages in the square of the hatch on 
which drafts are landed. (Br.) 


STOP, LIMIT—A device to prevent overhoisting in a crane or hoist. 
In electric cranes it is generally arranged to make the hoisting 
circuit inoperative at a certain point; one system relies on the 
closing of an auxiliary circuit, and another on its opening, for 
this purpose. The electrical arrangements can be so made that 
the lowering circuit will operate as usual when the controller is 
shifted to the lowering position; and over-hoisting is very simply 
remedied. On the other hand, working on the theory that 
habitual use of the limit stop and reliance on its action will 
cause it to wear and eventually fail to operate at a time the 
operator is inattentive, some designers arrange matters so that 
it is some considerable trouble for him to start the load down 


atedey oe 


after he has thrown the limit stop, thus forcing him habitually 
to stop the hook before reaching the limit. 

In skip hoists over-travel must be prevented at either top or 
bottom, and the skip brought quietly to rest; this is performed 
automatically in modern electrically operated installations. (See 
Skip Hoist, Automatic; Limit Switch, Travelling Cam.) 

In mine hoists the work performed by the limit stop is usually 
combined with other functions in a mechanism e¢alled a safety 
stop or hoist controller. (See Controller, Hoist.) (R. W.) 


STORAGE, GROUND—The term sometimes applied to storage systems 
where an entire supply of bulk material is carried at ground level. 
It is also used to designate a combination system in which a 
portion only of the material is held in elevated bins for im- 
mediate use or distribution, the larger part resting directly on 
the ground. (R. W.) 


STORAGE SYSTEM FOR COAL—A method of accumulating and 
handling large quantities of coal, and involving (a) receiving or 
unloading apparatus for receiving the coal from dump ears or 
boat unloaders, (b) conveying apparatus including cranes by 
which it is taken to (¢) crusher or sereens or both, or direct 
to (d) storage piles on the ground or elevated bins. There 
is also a means of (e) reclaiming the coal from the .storage 
pile and delivering it to (f) the conveying system which delivers 
it to storage bins above furnaces where it is to be burned or to 
ears into which it is reloaded. Most plants also have a means 
of passing direct from (c) to (f), omitting the storage. 

The same systems may be used for anthracite or bituminous coal, 
but owing to the freedom. from spontaneous combustion of the 
former, it may be piled to much greater heights, allowing radically 
different plans to be used for anthracite. 

Systems are sometimes distinguished according to the shape of 
the storage piles as, (a) circular conical piles with the point 
of supply at the apex of the cone, or moving up one leg of a 
two-legged truss spanning the pile; (b) piles rectangular in plan 
and included under the area covered by the bridge of a large 
travelling gantry or overhead travelling crane called a storage 
bridge; (c) annular piles outside of a circular track on which a 
locomotive crane may move, usually combined with a circular 
or two circular segmental piles within the cireular track; (d) 
long heaps, between tracks spaced so that locomotive cranes 
can reach the combinations of circular and longitudinal heaps. 
In the system as described, the crane ean place itself so that 
it can reach to any remote part of the pile, and by merely 
Swinging, dump the grab bucket into the cars or reclaiming 
hopper. Indefinite extensions can be made by extending the 
circular track by inserting straight or large radius curved sec- 
tions, but the crane will then have to handle some of the coal 
twice, or else travel along the track some distance with each 
bucket load before dumping it. (R. W.) 


STORAGE FOR COAL, CIRCULAR SYSTEM—A system of our-door 
ground storage for coal, in which two widely spaced parallel 
straight railroad tracks discharge their coal into a track hopper 
located between the tracks, and at the center of the pile se 
locomotive crane travels around this hopper on a circular track 
digging the coal from it by means of a grab bucket, and de- 
‘positing it anywhere within the circumference of a cirele hav- 
ing a radius equal to twice the length of the erane boom. In 


SST Gee 


reclaiming, the coal is dug from any point by the Bucket, and 
loaded directly into cars. 

The capacity of the pile is a maximum when the crane tracks 
are also covered, but as this prevents the crane from promptly 
getting at any desired portion of the pile in case of fire, it 
it is not always utilized. 

As to methods of delivery to and reclaiming from storage, there 
may be one or a combination of the following devices: (a) 
seraper conveyor, usually of the flight type, (b) belt conveyor, 
with travelling tripper and short cross belt conveyor combined 
as a stacker, (c) drag bucket, (d) overhead bridge and grab 
bucket, (e) dump car on automatic railway, or cable railway, 
(f) locomotive crane and grab bucket, (g) portable conveyors. 
(R. W.) 

STORAGE FOR COAL; DODGE, OR CONICAL PILE SYSTEM—A sys- 
tem of ground storage of which the unit includes two conical 
piles each spanned by a two-legged truss peaked at the center 
for storing, and a horizontal swinging scraping conveyor between 
them for reclaiming from either pile and delivering to a con- 
veyor. 

One leg of the two spanning each pile contains a storing scraper 
conveyor which elevates the coal along the leg until it drops to 
the pile over the end of a steel ribbon which forms the bottom 
of the trough and which is gradually pulled up the truss as the 
pile grows, unwinding from a drum at the bottom. The angle 
of the leg is the angle of repose of coal, about 27 deg. 

The reclaiming conveyor is a horizontal bridge pivoted at its 
delivering end, and swinging radially in either direction on a 
number of rails under the control of cables led from the pivote, 
out to the end of the bridge and thence at right angles to 
anchorages at either extreme of its swing. The chains of a re- 
versible roller flight conveyor pass completely around the bridge 
in a horizontal plane, the flights being on end realtive to the 
ground, and scrape the coal toward and past the pivot up an 
incline from the end of which it is dumped into railway ears. 
(R. W.) 

STORAGE FOR COAL; STUART OR CONVEYOR SYSTEM—A evround 

storage system for coal in which it is delivered to the end of a 
belt conveyor running longitudinally in a trench through the 
storage area. A high travelling tripper discharges the coal from 
the belt into a short reversible inclined belt conveyor at right 
angles, which can be placed on either side, to elevate and dis- 
charge the coal to storage. This discharging outfit is called 
a stacker. 
To recover, a reclaimer travelling on the same track is used. 
It consists of a short section of belt or apron conveyor terminating 
in a sort of plow, pivoted on a truck so that it can swing, and 
mounted so that it can be thrust forward under the coal in the 
‘pile the coal being thus fed to the reclaim conveyor. This carries 
it back to the main conveyor belt which conveys it to its des- 
tination. (R. W.) 

STORE DOOR DELIVERY—The carting of inbound freight from the 
terminal directly to the address of the consignee by the carrier 
or a privileged trucking company operating under contact with 
the carrier or the consignee. (R.S.M.) 

STRAIN—Deformation of a body due to the application of a load 
and the resulting stress. A stress produces a strain, expressed 
in inches per inch of length. (R. W.) 

STREAMING—See tow boat charges. 


rhe 
— Ti — 


STRESS—A force acting within the substance of a body, or internal 
resistance, tending to prevent deformation due to the applica- 
tion of a load. Measured in pounds or tons per square inch 
of section. (See also Strain.) (R. W.) 

STRUT—A brace or support for the reception of direct thrust or 
pressure; a piece designed to resist pressure in the direction of 
its length. Also called (under certain conditions) prop, column, 
brace. (R. W.) 

STRUT GATES—(Lock)—Are auxiliary frames or shores which support 
the main ebb gates in their closed position and enable them to 
withstand a weight on the outer face, and to resist the onset 
of waves at or about high water. (Br. Cun.) 

SUBMARINE SOUND SIGNALS—In 1923 there were 127 sending 
stations and 3000 vessels equipped with reception gear. Sound 
travels 1100 ft. sec. in air and 4950 ft. sec. in water. The 
sending mechanism is a very heavy bronge bell. Receiving 
membranes located on both bows of a vessel when heard in 
unison indicate the bell dead ahead. The lightship with the 
bell can then be picked up and a known point of departure 
ta Kener bea ee) 

SUN VALVE—An apparatus for turning on and off of the light of 
a beacon or buoy morning and evening. The principle involved 
is that a white burnished surface absorbs less light, therefore 
less heat than a black surface. Two balanced and connecting 
bulbs of ether, half liquid and half vapor will tilt to one side 
or the other accordingly as the heat absorbed by the black bulb 
causes the liquid ether to vaporise forcing the liquid out of the 
black bulb into the burnished bulb which becomes heavier and tilts 
the balancing arm and breaking contact that extinguishes the light. 
(RK. S. M. Shank.) 

SURGE—A compound, or reacting wave action—usually a continuation 
of the vessels wash, acting and reacting in opposite directions. 
(R. 8. M.) 

SURVEY—tThe inspéction of a ship in drydock and otherwise to de- 
termine her seaworthiness performed by a surveyor representing 
the Underwriters and/or the American Bureau of Shipping, Lloyds, 
ete Ra Sia) 


SWITCH, CROSSOVER—A ewiteh inserted at the intersection of two 
lines of overhead monorail track, by which either line of track 
can be made continuous at will, for trolleys to cross over. In 
one, known as a rotary cross-over, a short section of runway 
at the junction is supported from a small turntable immediately 
above it and may be rotated by pendant chains, bringing it into 
alignment with either track as may be desired. (R. W.) 


SWITCH, LIMIT—A term applied to a switch used for overhead 
monorail track, in which a horizontal sliding frame carries 
two (or three) short sections of the runway track fastened to its 
lower surface, and determines by its lateral position which of 
two (or three) paths shall be followed by a trolley. It is 
termed single or double according to whether a trolley approach- 
ing on the single track can follow one of two or three possible 
paths. The switch is operated by pendant chains, and is locked 
in place when in alignment. This type of switch, like the turn- 
table and turntable switch, is used when there is not space 
enough for the ordinary tongue switch. (R. W.) 


SYNOPTIC CHART—A chart upon which meterological data is plotted 
to show graphically the distribution of barometric pressure, the 
direction and velocity of the wind, the state of sea and sky, 


ete., taken on fixed meterological ‘stations on land. (Shank. 
R. 8. M.) 


SYNOPTIC DATA SYSTEM—Used in the transmission of wireless 
weather bulletins to enable mariners to predict the direction and 
force of the wind and the type of weather likely to be experienced. 
(Shank.) 

T 


TACTICAL DIAMETER—(of a ship when turning)—Is the perpen- 
dicular distance between the ships original line of advance and 
her position when she has turned 16 points: It is in fact an- 
other term for the transfer for 16 points. (Shank.) 


TAG LINE—A line leading from a near corner of a grab bucket to 
the cab of a locomotive crane operating it, and held under 
tension by a counterbalance weight, to keep the bucket from 
rotating and fouling its supporting and operating lines. 

Also, a line attached to any load being lifted by a crane, to 
keep it from rotating, or to slew the crane by hand, in ease no 
power slewing gear is provided. (R. W.) 

TALE QUALE—(British usage)—When goods are sold ‘‘to arrive,’’ 
the expression signifies that the goods are equal to sample when 
shipped, but the buyer takes the risk of any damage or de- 
terioration during transit. (J. Steph.) 


TALON—The slip attached to a bearer bond. It is used in applying for 
further interest coupons when the previous issue is all used. 
(J. Steph.) 


TANK, SETTLING—A device used for separating sand into various 
degrees of fineness by utilizing the variations in time required 
for the different grades to settle out of a stream of water. A 
single tank or box may be used to reject all particles below a 
certain size, or a series of tanks may effect the separation 
into a series of graded sizes. The boxes or tanks are auto- 
matically self emptying, or are emptied by hand shoveling, by 
small grab buckets, or similar implements. (R. W.) 


TELLTALE—A device which gives audible or visible indication of 
the beginning, progress or completion of an operation, on some 
piece of machinery; an automatically operated signal. (R. W.) 

TELL TALE—A mark on the up-and-down fall to guide the drumend 
man, (Br.) 

A plumb line and seale of degrees to give the degrees of list of a 
Ship from the perpendicular. (R. 8S. M.) 

TEREDO AND BANKIA—Of Malusea family are similar in method 
of attack and general appearance The two (2) valves of the 
shell (clam) function as a highly specialized boring mechanism: 
the long slimy worm-like body fills the burrow, which is lined 
with a caleareous coating Both Toredo and Bankia are supplied 
with very long siphons and with so-called pallets—one siphon 
incurrent and one exeurrent. (A. and J.) 

TEREDO SPECIES—Teredo Navalis Linn—Widely distributed and 
very destructive, 20” long. 

Teredo parksi Bartsch. Hawaii, Samoa, P. I. 

Teredo furcillatus Miller. Hawaii, Tutuila, of little economic im- 
portance. 

Teredo affinis Deshayes. Reunion Island. 

Teredo samoaensis Miller. Similar to furcillatus. 

Teredo tralliformis. Miller. 

and 19 more species listed and described. (A. and J.) 


Be fs yee 


TERMINAL—(1) (The end of a movement in transportation.) (R.S. M.) 
(See previous card.) (2) The buildings, structures and equipment 
at the end of a transportation movement for the transfer, 
handling, delivery and reception of passengers and freight. (Lam- 
bert. 

THALWEG—(from German)—The buried channel of a river. ‘‘ Full 
30 feet below the present river course, in some places lies the 
ancient channel of the Thames. In many sections the pebble 
bed is 16 to 20 feet thick and contains the fossils of the mam- 
moth and other animals of that period in history.’’ (Shank.) 

THERMOSTAT—An instrument which is operated by change of 
temperature, and which is often used to control the source of 
heat (or coal) so as to maintain as nearly as vossible a constant 
temperature. As an example, a thermostat on the water cooling 
system of a motor truck serves to maintain a more nearly con- 
stant temperature than would otherwise occur. (R. W.) 


THWART SHIP BEAMS—The transoms of the hatchway running 
athwart the ship, transversely to the fore and afters. (Br.) 


TIDAL VELOCITY—<Approaches the maximum at about half tide. 
(Shank.) 


TIE OR TIE ROD—A structural member designed to resist tension 
in the direction of its length. Top braced jib cranes are braced 
by tie rods. The boom of a pillar crane is also connected to 
the top of the pillar by a tie rod. (R. W.) 

TIPPLE—A structure designed to transfer material from one system 
of transportation to another, largely by force of gavity avail- 
able on account of differences in elevation of various parts of 
the structure. 

Also, a car dumping device. (See Car Dumper.) 

In a narrower sense, the term means a building erected close 
to the mouth of a mine into which mined material (as coal) 
is delivered by cars, conveyors, chutes, etc., where it is screened, 
separated from refuse or otherwise prepared for use, and from 
which it is delivered, generally by gravity, to railway ears or 
other conveyances for transportation to more or less distant 
points. It may vary from a simple trestle with a car dump and 
tracks below on which receiving cars may stand, to an elaborate 
structure with many levels and conveying and elevating devices, 
screens, picking tables, etc., and a complicated system of tracks 
or a yard in which the receiving cars are handled. (R. W.) 

TONS—Deadweight ton capacity is the cargo carrying or lifting power 
of a vessel measured in long tons. It is the difference between 
displacement light and displacement loaded. (R.S.M.) 

TORQUE—Turning moment, or tendency to turn, of motors, engines, 
shafting, etc. It is expressed in pound-feet, and is the force 
which would be exerted at a point one foot from the axis of 
rotation if an arm were to be fastened to the shaft. (R. W.) 

TOW BOAT CHARGES—Docking—A towboat charge for assisting a 
vessel from the channel into its berth. (R.S. M.) 

Shifting—A towboat charge for moving a vessel from one berth 
to another within the harbor. Docking and streaming charges fre- 
quently added to this intra harbor towing service by the towboat 
men. (R.S.M.) 

Streaming—A towboat charge for assisting the vessel out of berth 
and into channel, (R. 8. M.) 

aaermany or lorrey used with a power tractor or puller. 
(R. 8. M.) 


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TRAMP SHIP—A ship which has neither regular sailing nor a regu- 
lar place to dock. (Br.) 

TRANSFER—(of a ship when turning)—The distance the center of 
gravity of a ship has transferred (moved sidewise) in a direc- 
tion at right angles to the line of her original course. (Shank.) 

TRANSFER CAR—A self-propelled car used for regularly transferring 
bulk material from one point to another in an industial plant, 
as for example from an unloading machine to bins, pockets or 
ground storage. Transfer cars are made with hopper bottoms, 
gable bottoms dumping in both sides, or sloping bottoms dump- 
ing on one side. They are usually electrically operated and run 
singly, though trains of transfer cars are sometimes used. A 
power operated transfer car may also draw a tailer.  (R. W.) 

TRAVEL—To move a given distance along a definite path. The bridge 
of a crane is said to travel, and the trolley is said to traverse 
the bridge. To move in a longitudinal direction. (R. W.) 

TRAVERSING BRIDGES—See Bridge. 

TRAVELLER—A wheeled car or earriage capable of movement to and 
fro along a rope, elevated beam or bridge; a trolley. (R. W.) 

TRAVERSING CAISSONS—AlIl caisson lock gates whose motion is 
rectiliniar. 

(1) Sliding eaissons are provided with keels or rubbing plates 
on their undersides on which they are hauled over sliding ways 
set in the floor of the caisson berth. 

(2) Rolling caissons—the sliding ways are replaced by rollers, 
attached either to the underside of the caisson or to the path- 
way. 

(3) Ship caissons—Have the form of a navigable vessel, and 
float when pumped out. (R.S.M. Br. Cun.) 

TRIMMING IN BUNKERS—An additional charge added to the cost 
of coal and the cost of tipping or loading for the work of 
levelling the coal within the bunkers. (R. S. M.) 


TRINITY HOUSE—The Honorable corporation of—the general light- 
house authority of England. (R.S. M.) 


TROLLEY—In hoisting machinery, a wheeled carriage or truck which 
can move along an overhead runway provided for it, and which 
is used as part of a crane in connection with a hoist, either 
built into it or hung onto it. It may be moved along the run- 
way by direct pushing, by gravity, by hand or power operated 
gearing working through the wheels, or by power or hand pull 
on ropes or chains directly attached to it. Some of the various 
forms of trolleys are as follows: Monorail, or two-rail; single or 
double I-beam; plain or geared; top running or bottom running; 
deck bridge or through bridge; single or tandem. 

The principal parts of a trolley for a two girder bridge are; side 
frames, machiney and load girts, wheels, anxles, bearings, motors, 
shafts, gears, brakes, drum, hoisting rope, equalizer sheave, top 
block, bottom block, and load hook. 

Also called carriage carrier (especially for monorail types), crab, 
(British.) (R. W.) 

TRUCK, FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE—A truck which has power supplied 
to all four of its wheels, making them all productive of tractive 
effort. Wheels which drive and steer at the same time must 
have special universal joints or equivalent arrangements in the 
shafts to permit the two motions to take place. (R. W.) 


TRUCK, FOUR-WHEEL STEER—A trailer truck which has its steer- 
ing knuckles interconnected by steering rods in such a way that 
the pairs at opposite ends move symmetrically in response to a 


side movement of the coupling at the front end produced by the 
tractor passing around a curve. The trailer will track perfectly, 
and ean be hauled from either end, though it cannot be ma- 
noeuvered easily by hand. (R. W.) 

TRUCK, INDUSTRIAL—A general term applied to trackless wheeled 

vehicles of various descriptions used for conveying material with- 

-in buildings of an industrial establishment, from one building 
to another, or, for limited distances, around the grounds of such 
a plant. For short distances and small capacities they are usually 
hand operated; for longer distances and larger capacities they 
are operated by electrical or gasoline motors. (See Truck, Motor.) 
(R. W.) 

TRUCK, PLATFORM—A truck consisting of a horizontal platform 
supported on four wheels. It may be operated by hand, may have 
its own motive power, may be pulled by another truck having 
motive power, thereby acting as a trailer, or may be pulled by 
a cable. The platform may be single, or have several decks; 
one or more sides may be inclosed by stakes or solid walls, or 
special racks to suit material may be provided. (R. W.) 

TRUCK, RADIAL—A two-wheel truck which is free to turn about 
a pivot on the center line of the car under which it is placed, 
radius bars being used to connect it with this center. (R. W.) 

TRUNNIONS—A pair of cylindrical projections on opposite sides of 

an object, and supported in bearing in such a way that the object 
ean rotate about the axis of the trunnions, as ladle trunnions, 
bascule bride trunnions, ete. 
Load hooks are sometimes suspended on trunnions, supported in 
bearings in the frames of the load block, to prevent the load 
block being tilted, due to improper arrangement of slings on the 
hook. (R. W.) 

TUB—A bucket, or tub, of wood or iron with iron handle, used for 
the hoisting transfer and handling of bulk cargo, such as coal, 
ore, chalk, sand, ete. (Br.) 


TUNNEL—The covered way in the lower hold through which the 
propeller shaft runs. (Br.) 


TURNING—F actors of a ship when turning see: Advance Drift 
angle; Final diameter; Tactical diameter; Transfer; Steering 
qualities; Navigation, ordinary conditions of N. (RB. Sa 

TURNBUCKLE—A device for connecting two parts of a bar, rod or 
rope together with an adjustable tension. It consists of a sleeve 
with internal right hand and left hand threads at the two ends 
screwing onto correspondingly threaded bar ends or shank of 
eyes. Or it may have a swivel at one end, and a right hand 
thread at the other. The sleeve is turned by a wrench or by a 
bar through a hole in the center. (R. W.) 

TURNTABLE—A circular platform mounted on a pivot at its center 
and with wheels or rollers around its periphery turning on a 
circular rail underneath, the whole being capable of revolution 


in a horizontal plane. A transfer table in which the motion is. 


rotary. Rotating cranes of the pillar or self-supporting variety 
are constructed with the pillar, boom and hoisting machinery. 
Locomotive turntables are constructed with a complete circular 
table with several tracks, or may be simply a long girder with 
one line of track, supported by wheels at the end. 

The turntable of a locomotive crane consists of a base ring 
(which generally has teeth cut externally or internally and _ is 
used for slewing by power) on which rest the wheels or rollers. 
These may turn on pins directly carried by the rotating fame, 


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or they may be carried by a separate cage, interposed between 
the circular track on the base and a similar circular track on 
the rotating frame. At least four rollers are used, two at the 
front, and two at the rear opposite the boom; sometimes four are 
placed in front under the boom, and there is often a complete 
circle of rollers, this always being the case when a separate 
eage is used. (R. W.) 
U 


UNDERCUT—A term applied to a gate or valve for controlling the 
flow of loose bulk material from a hopper or bin, when it oper- 
ates to cut off the flow by coming up through the material 
from below. With this arrangement there is somewhat less 
tendency for lumps to prevent complete closing of the valve. 
It is more often applied to quadrant than.to sliding gates. (R. W.) 


UNIVERSAL JOINT OR UNIVERSAL COUPLING—A form of coup- 

ling used to connect, for the purpose of power transmission, two 
shafts which intersect, but are not in line with each other. The 
most common form is known as Hooke’s joint; it will theoretically 
allow a lack of alignment of as much as 90 deg., but on account 
of cramping and interference, the maximum practical angle is 
about 45 deg. The angular velocity ratio will be variable; that 
is, if one shaft rotates at a constant speed, the other one will 
have a periodically varying speed. If two of these joints be 
used with a short piece of shaft between them, and the coupling 
parts are properly arranged on the two ends with respect to each 
other, a constant angular velocity ratio may be obtained. The two 
shafts need not have their center lines intersecting in this case. 
As constructed, universal joints generally take the form of forked 
ends, pinned or keyed on each of the shafts, pointing toward each 
other, and pinned to points on the surface of a sphere, 90 deg. 
apart, or to the ends of a cross. 
Universal joints are used to drive the swiveling trucks of loco- 
motive cranes from a central longitudenal horizontal shaft, and 
allow them to take the angular position required by curves over 
which they operate. (R. W.) 


V 


VESSEL—Any description of water craft or other contrivance used, 
or capable of being used as a means of transportation in water 
Ormineaitia (hy. So.8. By) 


VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES—Are vessels of any tonnage 
when (a) registered; (b) enrolled and/or licensed pursuant to 
law with such license in force if required. (U.S. S. B.) 


VOUSSOIRS—Panel of the leaf of a dock gate formed by the inter- 
section of cesses or horizontal stiffening members and vertical 
stiffening members. (R. 8. M. Br. Cun.) 


W 
WARP—To tow or move a vessel by ropes; e. g., to warp her in to 
the pier. (Br.) 
WASH—The wave action set up by a passing vessel. (R.S. M.) 


WATCHMAN—Man employed to protect property on a wharf or in a 
warehouse from fire, theft and other damage (R. S. M.) 
WATCHING—A charge for the service of watchmen—a minor port 

charge against cargo. (R.S. M.) 


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WHARF DEMURRAGE—Although the term demurrage applies strictly 
to a penalty for the use of equipment beyond a specified con- 
tract time; such as for railway cars, or chartered vessels the 
term is applied to the penalty charge for the use of a wharf by mer- 
chandise beyond the specified time, usually 48 hours. This 
rule essential to maintain the proper functions of wharves as land- 
in places, not store houses. (R. 8S. M.) 

WHARF SHED—A roofed structure or building on a wharf. (See 
Pier Shed.) (R. W.) 

WHARVES, LEGAL—Wharves at which goods are required to be 
landed. (R. 8S. M.) 

WHARVES—Sufferances—Are wharves may be landed and shipped by 
special sufferance granted by the crown. (Br. Cun.) 

WHEELED, FLANGED—A wheel having one or more annular projec- 
tions from the rim, generally outward. A single flange is usually 
at one side of the rim or tread, though center flanges are used 
in some types of chain wheels. Double flanges are usually at 
the two sides of the rim. (R. W.) 

WHELP—One of the longitudinal ridges or projections sometimes 
formed on the barrel or drum of a capstan or on a gypsy head, 
to prevent slipping of rope on the drum. (R. W.) 

WHIPPING—The turns of twine wrapped around a rope elose to its 
end, to keep it from untwisting or unlaying. (R. W.) 

WHIPPING, OF SHAFTING—Vibration or whirling of shafting when 
rotating at high speed, due to the axis of gravity and rotation 
not being coincident, (R. W.) 

WING—The corner or side of the hold next to the ‘‘skin of the 
ship, Pa Cbr.) 

WIRE ROPE, FLAT—A wire rope made for hoisting purposes, and con- 
sisting of a number of alternating right and left hand lay four- 
strand ropes placed side by side and sewed with soft iron wire 
so as to form a. broad flat hand. (R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE, FLATTENED STRAND—A wire rope composed of strands 
flattened on the outside so as to present a smoother surface and 
more wearing area. (R. W. 

WIRE ROPE, GALVANIZED ROPE—Rope in which the individual 
wires have been galvanized before being made into a rope. (R. W ) 


WIRE ROPE, HAULAGE—Rope used for haulage purposes. It is com- 
posed of large wires in order to resist abraison and therefore is 
only moderately flexible. (R. W.) 

WIRE, ROPE, HOISTING—A flexible rope used for hoisting. purposes 
as in cranes, mine hoists, elevators, etc., where it must carry heavy 
loads and pass frequently on and off a winding drum and around 
guide sheaves. (R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE, LAY OF—The direction in which the strands are laid 
in the rope either right hand or left hand. In regular lay the 
strands are left hand lay and the rope right hand lay; regular 
left hand rope has the lay of both strands and rope reversed from 
the above. 

In Langs’ lay the wires in the strand and the strands in the rope 
are made up with the lay in the same direction. (R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE, MARLINE CLAD—Wire rope having its strand served 
or wrapped helically with hemp or fibre marline so that the metal 
is completely covered and protected from wear and the action 
of water, corrosive gases and liquids, ete., it is also easier to 
handle and can be coiled down like cordage rope. For some pur- 


poses both the strands and the rope are served with marline. 
(R. W.) 


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WIRE ROPE, NON-SPINNING—A wire rope in which the strands are 
laid so that it will not rotate when a load is hung from the free 
end of a single line. (R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE, TILLER, OR HAND—A rope made of six strands laid 
around a hemp core, each strand being a complete rope with six 
strands of seven wires each laid around a hemp core. The lay 
of the strands, rope strands and complete rope alternate in direc- 
tion. This construction is also termed cable lay. (See Wire Rope, 
Marline Clad.) (R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE, TRACTION—A wire rope used in aerial tramways for 
hauling the bucket along the track rope. The carriages are gripped 
to it automatically or by hand, or are fastened to it permanently, 
according to the system. (See Aerial Wire Rope Tramway. 
Double Rope System.) (R. W.) 

. WIRE ROPE, TRANSMISSION—Wire rope made into an endless loop 

and used for the transmission of power between a driving and 

one or more driven pulleys, intermediate portions being supported 
by idlers if the distance requires. (See Wire Rope, Haulage.) 
(R. W.) 

WIRE ROPE CORE—The center of a wire rope strand or of a complete 
rope composed of a yarn or strand of hemp or steel. (R. W.) 
WIRE ROPE STRAND—One of the component parts of a rope, con- 
sisting of a group of wires of unform or varying size. The strand 

may be round or flattened. (R. W.) 

WIRE TRACK CABLE—A round cable used for aerial rope tramways 
and cableways, consisting of a strand of seven or nineteen round 
wires surrounded by from one to five layers of abutting square or 
trapezoidal section wires, and with a smooth outer covering of 
special interlocking section wires, the various layers being alter- 
nately right and left lay. (R. W.) 

WIRE TRAMWAY STRAND—A wire rope composed of a single strand 
made up.of 1, 19, 37, 61 or 91 wires arranged in one, two, three, 
four or five layers around a central wire of the same size. Sue- 
cessive layers may be laid to the same or to alternating hands. 
Used as a track or trolley cable for aerial tramways. Also called 
round track cable and smooth coil cable. (R. W.) 


WIRELESS FOG SIGNAL—The most advanced method is that of the 
revolving beam indicator having a wireless transmitter and wire- 
less reflector, the whole apparatus revolving so as to enable a ship 
to fix her position by compass bearing when within a ten mile 
radius. The wave length is from 41% to 6 meters. The reflector 
makes a complete revolution once every two minutes and a dis- 
tinctive signal is sent to indicate each and every half point of 
the compass. This should enable the bearing of the transmitting 


station to be determined within a quarter point of the compass, 
(Shank.) 


WIRELESS METEOROLOGICAL SIGNALS—Under a new international 
meteorological code agreement is being sought to extend and unify 
the system of collecting meteorological data by wireless from ships 
at sea and to transmit weather bulletins and storm warnings from 
a sufficient number of stations to enable ships to be constantly 
supplied with reliable weather reports and forecasts. (Shank.) 

WIRELESS NAVIGATION WARNINGS—Of wreck, derelict, ice berg, 
or an abridged notice to Mariners, relating to wreck or obstruc- 


tions, alterations in buoyage or lights, drifting mines and all 
matters affecting safety of navigation, (Shank.) 


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WIRELESS TELEPHONY IN HARBOR APPROACHES—Communica- 
tions by speech is of particular utility in the approaches to a har- 
bor. A commercial service was initiated by the Mersey Docks 
and Harbor Board in 1921. Weather reports, distress and casualty 
informations from the main subject matter dealt with. Trinity 
House has adopted this system for communication between their 
light vessels. 

WIRELESS TIME SIGNALS—The majority of wireless time signals 
are sent by an automatic mechanism operated by the pendulum 
of a chronometer situated in an observatory. (Shank.) 

W/T. D. F.—Wireless Telegraph Direction Finding—Stations are estab- 
lished on shore equipped with apparatus enabling them to ascer- 
tain the direction from which wireless telegraphic signals trans- 
mitted by a ship station eminate. The base line between two shore 


stations being known the exact location of the vessel may be | 


quickly calculated at the intersection of both bearings. (R.S. M.) 


Y 


YAW—In confined channels is the tendency in all ships tried is to make 
the ship sheer off the bank into deeper water. (Shank.) 
YORK—Antwerp Rules—A set of agreed clauses in the Ocean B/L. 
adopted 1890, for the settlement of General Average. 
Rule 1. No jettison of deck cargo shall be made good as general. 
average. 
LZ 


ZOLLVEREIN—The union of the various German States to enable them 
in their commercial dealings to act as one. Since the union of the 
Empire of Germany under one sovereign the Zollverein has ceased 
to be of importance. (J. Steph.) 

THE ZOLLVEREINSNIEDERLAGE in Hamburg was a ‘‘Free Zone’’ 
maintained jointly by the states in the Zollverein. It was a fore- 
runner of the modern Free Port or Foreign Trade Zone. (R.S,M.) 


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